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Where were the Japanese peasants
likely to die
in the 17th-19th centuries ?
Hiroshi KAWAGUCHI
Faculty of Business Administration,
Tezukayama University
Introduction

The total population in Japan was stable during the
18th century and started to increase after 1840s.
Why???

We construct DANJURO system to collect, store,
and analyze historical documents.
Outline
 Introduction
 Source
 Data
documents for historical demography
analysis system：the DANJURO system
 Death
places of parishioners
 Birthplaces
 Real
of the dead persons
situation of the dead in old diaries
 Conclusion
Historical documents (1)
The Japanese religious
investigation registers
Period: 1680s?-1869?
District: village and town
Contents: name, age, relation
with the household head,
change in family status,
number of cattle or horses,
size of the house, roofing
material, cultivated acreage,
parish temple, religious sect,
etc.
Historical documents (2)
The Buddhist temple
death registers
Period: 1650s?-2010
District: parish of the
Buddhist temple?
Contents: posthumous
Buddhist name, date of
the death, secular name,
address, age at death,
cause of the death, death
place, birthplace, etc.
Historical documents (3)
The household
registers
Period: 1870, 1871, 1872?
District: village and town
Contents: name, age,
relationship with the
household head, change in
family status, number of
cattle or horses, cultivated
acreage, parish temple,
religious sect, occupation,
Goal of the DANJURO project
1. To reduce data processing to output
demographic statistics and indicators.
2. To ensure the reliability of the data
processing.
3. To preserve historical documents in digital
form.
4. To share the data and data analysis method
with researchers around the world.
Structure of DANJURO system

Data analysis system for the Japanese religious
investigation registers

Data analysis system for the Buddhist temple death
registers

Data analysis system for the family registers

Technology to recognize handwritten characters in
historical documents with neural network

Research funds, publication of research results, and
prizes

Links to the related site
Index page of DANJURO
Historical GIS for analyzing migration
Recent step 1: Draw a digital map of in and out
migration continuously in any time period.
 Recent step 2: Count the number of migrants in
concentric circles with a radius of any distance.
 Recent step 3: Count the number of migrants in
each county or province.

Next step 1: Check the effect of administrative
boundaries such as counties, provinces, and local
load domains on migration of peasants.
 Next step 2: Check the effect of natural obstacles
such as rivers, sea, and mountains on migration.

Historical GIS for analyzing migration
Buddhist temple death registers in Tama County
Villag/Town
Temple
Year of the
Number of the dead
death
Itsukaichi Village
A
1278-1910
2,542
Yokozawa Village
B
2,601
Chigase Village
C
1550-1804
1889-1910
1786-1910
Hamura Village
D
1684-1910
2,906
Hamura Village
E
1646-1910
2,413
Kawasaki Village
F
1736-1910
2,608
Fussa Vilalge
Fukushima Village
G
H
528-1910
1364-1910
2,879
2,491
Hino Town
I
730-1910
4,939
Uchikoshi Village
J
1494-1910
2,045
Shimo-Ishihara Town
K
1579-1910
1,631
2,207
The total number of the Buddhist temples in Tama
County in 1969 = 585
11 / 585 ＊100 = 1.9 %
Distribution of the Buddhist Temples in
DANJURO
Out of the
home village
in Tama
County: 73
In Edo City :103
In Musashi
Province: 6
Out of Musashi
Province: 46
China and
Formosa: 9
Death places of the parishioners in Tama County
in the province of Musashi (1610-1910)
Sex and age structure of the parishioners
who died out of their home villages
Sex and age
Girl
Boy
Female
under 14 under 14 over 15
Male Priest and so on Nun and so on
over 15
over 15
over 15
Temple A (1760-1909)
0
0
5
23
2
0
Temple B (1610-1804)
3
0
23
23
18
4
Temple C (1810-1909)
0
0
1
7
0
0
Temple D (1760-1909)
2
0
3
7
1
1
Temple E (1760-1909)
0
0
3
12
1
0
Temple F (1760-1909)
0
0
7
16
3
0
Temple G (1760-1909)
0
0
0
2
0
0
Temple H (1760-1909)
1
0
5
8
1
0
Temple I (1610-1909)
1
1
2
18
0
0
Temple J (1760-1909)
0
0
1
3
1
0
Temple K (1760-1909)
2
1
3
9
2
0
Total
9
2
53
128
29
5
Seasonality of the deaths
who died out of their home villages
Month of the deaths
Jan.
Feb.
May
Jun.
Jul.
Temple A (1760-1909)
2
0
5
3
2
0
2
5
Temple B (1610-1804)
Temple C (1810-1909)
3
0
4
0
8
0
6
0
4
0
4
2
11
0
Temple D (1760-1909)
2
0
1
2
1
0
Temple E (1760-1909)
1
2
0
3
0
Temple F (1760-1909)
2
3
1
3
Temple G (1760-1909)
0
1
0
Temple H (1760-1909)
0
0
Temple I (1610-1909)
3
Temple J (1760-1909)
Temple K (1760-1909)
Total
Mar. Apr.
Aug. Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
5
3
2
1
7
2
7
1
11
0
4
1
2
2
2
0
3
1
1
1
2
4
1
0
1
2
0
2
1
6
0
3
0
2
3
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
1
5
2
3
0
1
3
2
1
0
3
5
1
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
3
1
0
0
1
2
1
0
1
4
1
16
14
21
21
12
11
30
22
25
21
20
11
From out of the
village in
Tama County:
60
From Edo
City :49
From Musashi
Province: 19
From out of
Musashi
Province: 90
Birthplaces of the dead persons who died
in Tama County in the province of Musashi (1610-1910)
Sex and age structure of the deaths
who were from out of the parishes
and died near the temples
Sex and age
Girl
Boy
under 14 under 14
Female
over 15
Male over Priest and so on
15
over 15
Nun and so on
over 15
Temple A (1760-1909)
1
3
5
14
1
0
Temple B (1610-1804)
1
1
15
24
35
0
Temple C (1810-1909)
1
4
2
7
1
0
Temple D (1760-1909)
10
4
3
7
2
0
Temple E (1760-1909)
1
1
3
3
0
0
Temple H (1760-1909)
0
1
3
1
0
0
Temple I (1610-1909)
2
2
6
17
3
0
Temple J (1760-1909)
0
1
2
3
3
1
Temple K (1760-1909)
3
4
6
8
0
0
19
21
45
84
45
1
Total
A dead person in a diary written
by Mr. F. Sashida
 Mr.
Sauemon died of cholera in an hotspring inn in the Village of Sokokura on 6
August, 1862. His dead body was carried to
his home village by a palanquin at a distance
of 75 kilometers. Then the funeral service
for him was held in the village of Nakatoh
on 8 August.
Japanese palanquin
Wooden coffin for the poor persons
The dead persons in a diary written
by Mr. F. Sashida and Mr. S. Kouno

A former village head in the village of Nakatoh
died of illness in Edo City on 27 September, 1863.
He kept a curio shop in Edo. On 29 September, the
funeral service for him was held in the village of
Nakatoh.

Mr. Matakichi Kuriyama died of illness on 25 July,
1875. He was 63 years old. He was born in the
village of Funako, Aikoh County in the province of
Sagami. The funeral service for him was held
without any relatives in Hino post town, Tama
County where he had lived temporarily.
Conclusion

Death places of the parishioners living in Tama County
spread all over Japan from the 17th Century.

Birthplace of the deaths who died in Tama County also
spread all over Japan From the 17th Century.

Males, females, adults, children, poor peasants and rich
farmers died out of their home villages in all seasons.

On general principle, if a parishioner died far from his/her
home village, the dead body was carried to the home village
and funeral service for him/her was held in the home village.

If the birthplace was too far, if the dead person was too poor,
or if the dead has no claimant, some dead were buried in
cemeteries in Buddhist temples near the death place.
Death places and birthplaces of the dead suggest
high mobility of the peasants.