Download Memory - DHS First Floor

Memory
Memory
• Memory  The storage and
retrieval of information that has
been learned or experienced.
• Forgetting  To be unable to
recall previously known
information.
Processes of Memory
• Encoding  The transforming of
information so the nervous system can
process it.
• This is done by the use of our senses
• Acoustic coding – repeatedly said “f” “a”
“c” “e”
• Visual codes – pictures
• Semantic codes – sense (FACE)
Processes of Memory
• Storage  The process by which
information is maintained over a
period of time.
• How much info. stored there
depends on the effort.
Processes of Memory
• Retrieval  The process
of obtaining information
that has been stored in
memory.
COMPUTER VS. MEMORY
KEYBOARD  ENCODING
DISK (SAVE)  STORAGE
MONITOR  RETRIEVAL
Three Stages of Memory
• Sensory Memory
• Short Term
Memory
• Long Term
Memory
Sensory Memory
• Sensory Memory  The senses
of sight/hearing/touch are able to
hold an input for a fraction of a
second before it disappears.
• Light flashes (camera)
• Breaks between frames in
movies.
SENSORY MEMORY
• There are 3 functions of sensory
memory
• 1. Prevents you from becoming
overwhelmed.
• 2. Gives you decision time.
• 3. Allows for continuity and
stability in your world.
SHORT TERM MEMORY
• Short Term Memory  Memory that
is limited in capacity to about seven
items and in duration by the subjects
active rehearsal.
• Ex. - Listening to someone
- Accused of not paying attention
- But can remember last five
words said
SHORT TERM MEMORY
• Maintenance Rehearsal  A system
for remembering involving repeating
information to oneself without
attempting to find meaning in it.
• Ex. - Looking up a phone number in
the phonebook
- Saying numbers over and over
while walking to the phone.
SHORT TERM MEMORY
• Chunking  The process of grouping items
to make them easier to remember.
• Short term memory lasts less than 20
seconds
• A person can only remember about 7
unrelated items.
• If we only remember 7 items grouping allows
us to remember more!!!!!!!!!!!
SHORT TERM MEMORY
• But even chunking only lasts for
20 – 30 seconds.
• We usually remember in sets of
2,3, or 4.
• Information must become
LEARNED in order to transfer
into long term memory.
SHORT TERM MEMORY
• Primacy/Recency Effect  The idea that
it is easier to remember things at the
beginning and end of a list.
• Remember either first 4 or 5 because
had time to practice (PRIMACY)
• Remember either last 4 or 5 because
stored in short term memory (RECENCY)
• Forget the middle.
LONG TERM MEMORY
• Long Term Memory  memory refers to the
storage of information over extended periods
of time.
• Information is not stored like a piece of
paper in a filing cabinet; it is stored
according to categories or features.
• Long term memory contains representations
of countless facts, experiences and
sensations.
LONG TERM MEMORY
• Throughout the process of Long term
memory the least important information is
dropped off.
• In time you may not remember anything
about something.
• Other more recently stored items block
access to earlier memories or may even
replace them.
OTHER TERMS
• Recognition  Memory retrieval in
which a person identifies an object idea,
or situation as one he/she has or has
not experienced before.
• Recall  Memory retrieval in which a
person reconstructs previously learned
material.
TYPES OF LONG TERM MEMORY
• Semantic Memory  Knowledge of
language, including its rules, words, and
meanings
• Episodic memory  Memory of one’s life,
including time of occurrence
• Declarative memory  Memory of knowledge
that can be called forth consciously as
needed.
• Procedural memory  memory of learned
skills that does not require conscious
recollection.
ATTENTION
Attention  Selection of some incoming
information for further processing.
Selective looking, listening, smelling, tasting, and
feelings.
We give meaning to the information that is coming
in.
Only stimuli that meets certain requirements is
allowed through. Filtering). More like a volume
control to what you can pay attention to.
ATTENTION
• The automatic processing works even
when we sleep.
• If someone whispers the house is on fire or
you hear a baby cry.
• Its different than hearing the car is for sale.
• Information that we attend to then enters
our short term memory.
FORGETTING
Decay  fading away of memory over time.
• Sensory Memory and Short term memory
easily decay.
• It is not known whether long term
memories can ever decay.
• Damage to the brain can cause loss of
memory. However they are the most
recent memory.
FORGETTING
• Interference  blockage of a memory by
previous or subsequent memories.
• Two kinds of blockage Proactive and
retroactive
• Proactive  An earlier memory blocks
you from remembering related new
information.
• Retroactive  A later memory or new
information blocks you form remembering
information learned earlier.
FORGETTING
• Amnesia  is a loss of memory that may
occur after a blow to the head or as a
result of brain damage
• Amnesia may also be the result of drug
use or severe psychological stress.
• Infant Amnesia  is the relative lack of
early declarative memories. This is why
we don’t remember much before the years
of 2 or 3.
INFANT AMNESIA
• Freud thought memories are repressed
because of the emotional traumas of
infancy.
• Others believe that because infants do not
yet understand language, their memories
are non verbal, whereas later memories
are verbal.
• Still others claim that the hippocampus
may not be mature enough in infancy to
spark memories or that infants have not
yet developed a sense of self to
experience memories.
Forgetting
• Repression According to Sigmund Freud
sometimes blocking is no accident. A
person may subconsciously block memories
of an embarrassing or frightening
experience. This is called repression.
• The material still exists in the person’s
memory, but it has been made inaccessible
because it is so disturbing.
FLASHBULB MEMORIES
• Memories usually involve events that are
very shocking, emotional or have serious
consequences.
• Scientists have concluded that flashbulb
memories involve special kinds of
encoding that occur when events are
extreme and/or personal.
• WTC, Kennedy’s Assassination.
OTHER TOPICS
• ALZHIEMERS
• IMPROVING MEMORY
• MEMORIES/FAKE/CHILD
ABUSE/
• SENSE OF SELF
MEMORIES