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* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Memory Notes ■ ______________________ : persistence of learning over time via the _____________ & _________________ of information. ■ Gives us our sense of self and connects us to _____________experiences. ■ ___________________: All the mental activities associated with _________________,_______________,____________________ information. Memory Process _____________________________: Transforming sensory information into ________________ memory. __________________________:Creating a ____________ trace of the encoded information in memory, which can be _________________________ or ______________________. ________________________________: Using ______________ information. _______________ ________ into Memory _____________ Maintain in Memory ___________ ________ from Memory Sensory Memory: refers to the ________________________recording of sensory information in the memory system. All information is held here briefly (____________________seconds) Sensory Memories include both: 1. _________________________: a momentary sensory memory of a ________________stimuli. Memory only lasts for a few tenths of a second. 2.___________________________: a momentary sensory memory for _____________________stimuli. Sound memories can usually last up to 3 or 4 seconds. _________________________Memory: remembering to do something in the _______________________. Ex. I need to remember to get my husband an anniversary gift __________________________ Memory: remembering you __________________ did something in the ________________. Ex. I already got my husband an anniversary gift – Automatic Processing (Type 1) – _________________________ encoding of ___________________________information ■ ■ ■ – well-learned information ■ – we can learn automatic processing ■ reading backwards Effortful Processing (Type 2) ■ ______________________________________: type of encoding that requires ________________________ and __________________ effort. ■ Ex: Learning new vocabulary terms, memorizing historical events/chronology, etc. ■ Encoding can be aided by ______________________________________: simple rote repetition of information in consciousness or even more successfully by ____________________________: processing of information for meaning which can more easily help produce long term memories. Memory Retrieval ■ __________________________: a measure of memory in which the person must ________________ information learned ______________. – ■ ___________________________: a measure of memory in which the person need only ________________________ items previously learned. – ■ Ex: fill in the blank, essay questions Ex: multiple choice, matching ______________________________________________: Retrieval of memories that can be _______________________________ by adding, loosing, or changing details to fit a mental representation Damage to the Brain ■ _______________________ refers to the loss of memory. ■ Amnesiac patients typically have losses in ________________________ – _______________________________________: type of memory loss where patients are UNABLE TO FORM ANY _____________MEMORIES. Can’t remember anything that has occurred _____________a traumatic head injury. – ______________________________: type of memory loss where patients are UNABLE TO REMEMBER _____________________EVENTS. May forget everything that happened ___________________a traumatic head injury. Explaining the Serial Position Effect ■ _____________________________________________: explains how we remember concepts at the ____________________ of a list since these are often the terms we have seen the most when reviewing. ■ _________________________: explains how we remember concepts at the end of the list a since these are the terms we have seen most ______________________________. ■ ________________________ IS FORGOTTEN MOST OFTEN. __________________________________: Reminders associated with information we are trying to retrieve ■ ________________________: activation, often _____________________________, of particular associations of memory. ■ _______________________________________: Spreading memorization out over __________________________sessions (BEST) ■ ________________________________ (AKA Cramming): One session ■ ______________________ devices: ROY G BIV ■ __________________________: organizing items into familiar, manageable units, often occurs _________________________ – The magic number is ___________________________ – In other words, the most we can hold in our STM is _______________items Context Effects Memory Retrieval ■ ___________________________________________: Being able to retrieve information better when you are in the same _________________you learned it in. ■ Emotional/Mood Impact of Memory: – ____________________________: information is most easily recalled when in same “state” of ________________________it was learned in. – ___________________________________________: tendency to ________________________experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood. Forgetting ■ Forgetting is a result of either: 1. ____________________________________ 2. Not paying _________________________to certain stimuli (selective attention) _________________________________________ _________________________________of the physical memory trace Neural connections are no longer there 3. ___________________________________ from LTM o ___________________________________: A measure of _________________________________ of memory that assessed the time saved compared to learning the first time when learning information again o *if relearning takes as much time as the initial learning, the information has _____________________________ Motivated Forgetting ■ __________________________ is the idea that people unknowingly revise their history. – ■ Ex: I broke up with her; she didn't break up with me. What purpose might motivated forgetting serve? Motivated Forgetting: A Freudian Concept – _______________________________: idea put forth by psychoanalytic theorists like ________________ which states anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories can be ____________________ from __________________________. – Ex: child abuse, rape, incest may be repressed and not be able to be actively recalled. Interference ■ ■ _________________________: Learning some items may disrupt ____________________-- of other information – ___________________(forward acting) Interference: disruptive effect of ______________ learning on recall of new information (________ memories prevent the retrieval of ______________ memories) – ____________________(backwards acting) Interference: disruptive effect of new learning on _________________ of old information (_____________memories prevent the retrieval of _________________ memories) _________________________: when we are certain we know something yet we are unable to recall it. – Relates to retrieval failure, usually __________________ or external cues will help you recall the information you are looking for.