Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Memory Fact or Fiction? • Memory storage is never automatic; it always takes effort. • Although our capacity for storing information is large, we are still limited in the number of permanent memories we can form • The hour before sleep, is a good time to commit information to memory • When people learn something while intoxicated, they recall it best when they are again intoxicated • Confidence is essential to eyewitness accuracy You are what you remember! What was your earliest memory? Psychology Today Can you name the Seven dwarfs? What is memory process? Get info into the brain (encode) Retain information (storage) Get information out (retrieval) Types of Memory • Procedural memory- memory for how to carry out skilled movement • Episodic memory- memory regarding a personal experience • Semantic memory- memory involving general knowledge Encoding Shiffrin/Atkinson Model Visual Sensory Memory (Iconic) Visual images stored 1-2 seconds Auditory Sensory Memory (echoic) Sound images last 3-4 seconds Tactile Sensory Memory (touch) Touch sensations last 1-2 seconds Memory Processing Model Herman Ebbinghaus Maintenance Rehearsal Elaborate rehearsal (rehearsal & meaning) Schema & Constructive memory Chunking Meaning Mnemonics Imagery Chunking IBFIMBWBMATWIAC Meaning Storage Short-term Memory= how does it work? • Brief (20 seconds) • Easily interrupted • Limited in size Short-term memory recall is approximately 7 digits Magic Number 7 + or - 2 Flashbulb memory= also called Episodic memory Vivid LongLasting Emotional Retrieval • Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (it’s in there but I can’t get it out!) • Implicit memory= when we “remember” something without knowing that we are. Implicit memory may need priming • Explicit memory (sometimes called declarative memory) this memory is consciously “declared” Encoding specificity principle= we retrieve best when we can re-create the original conditions State dependent memory Content dependent memory Same physical space Same or similar emotional state Eidetic memory Official term for photographic memory Module 23: Forgetting and Memory Construction Forgetting as Encoding Failure Encoding Failures • People fail to encode information because: – It is unimportant to them – It is not necessary to know the information – A decrease in the brain’s ability to encode Retrieval…what if the memory is “in there” but you can’t get it out? • Tip of the tongue phenomenon • Recognize with “cues” • Implicit memory= “remembering” something when we don’t realize that we do. (may need to be primed) • Explicit memory= Serial Position Module 23: Forgetting and Memory Construction Forgetting Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) • German philosopher who pioneering memory studies. • Developed the forgetting curve, also called the “retention curve” or “Ebbinghaus curve” The Forgetting Curve (Adapted from Ebbinghaus, 1885) Module 23: Forgetting and Memory Construction Forgetting as Retrieval Failure: Interference Interference • A retrieval problem when one memory gets in the way of remembering another • Two types of interference: – Proactive interference – Retroactive interference Proactive Interference • When an older memory disrupts the recall of a newer memory. Proactive Interference Retroactive Interference • When a more recent memory disrupts the recall of an older memory. Retroactive Interference Forgetting (The Freudian view) Repression Memory & the Brain Much is known And much is still being discovered Long-Term Potentiation Neural explanation When groups of neurons fire together repeatedly, the synaptic connections form communications Aplysia (sea snail) Memory Jigsaw Analogy • Memories, rather than being like a video tape, are formed as bits and pieces. • People may retrieve only some of the pieces of the memory Physical Structures of memory • The Hippocampus- new memories • The Cerebellum-procedural memories here • The Prefrontal cortex- “habit” learning • The Amygdala- emotional learning • Thalamus • Neurotransmitters????? Elizabeth Loftus (1944- ) • Psychologist at University of California, Irvine, whose research established the constructed nature of memory. • Has found that subjects’ memories vary based on the wording of questions • Memories are malleable • Demonstrated the misinformation effect Misinformation Effect • Incorporating misleading information into a memory of an event. • Affects eyewitness testimony Misinformation Effect Module 23: Forgetting and Memory Construction Memory Construction: Recovered Memories Accuracy of Memories