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Module 11
Types of Memory
INTRODUCTION
• Definitions
– Memory
• ability to retain information over time through three
processes: encoding, storing, and retrieving
– Encoding
• refers to making mental representations of
information so that it can be placed into our
memories
INTRODUCTION
• Definitions
– Storing
• process of placing encoded information into
relatively permanent mental storage for later recall
– Retrieving
• process of getting or recalling information that has
been placed into short-term or long-term storage
THREE TYPES OF MEMORY
• Sensory memory
– refers to an initial process that receives and holds
environmental information in its raw form for a brief
period of time, from an instant to several seconds
• Short-term memory
– also called working-memory, refers to another
process that can hold only a limited amount of
information, an average of seven items - 2 to 30
seconds
• Long-term memory
– refers to the process of storing almost unlimited
amounts of information over long periods of time
THREE TYPES OF MEMORY (CONT.)
THREE TYPES OF MEMORY (CONT.)
• Memory processes
– sensory memory
– do not pay attention, information is forgotten
– pay attention, information is automatically transferred
into short-term memory
– short-term memory
– do not pay attention
– information is not encoded and is forgotten
– long-term memory
– encoded information will remain on a relatively
permanent basis
SENSORY MEMORY: RECORDING
• Iconic memory
– form of sensory memory that automatically holds
visual information for about a quarter of a second or
more; as soon as you shift your attention, the
information disappears
• Echoic memory
– form of sensory memory that holds auditory
information for 1 to 2 seconds
SENSORY MEMORY: RECORDING (CONT.)
• Functions of sensory memory
– prevents being overwhelmed
– gives decision time
– provides stability, playback, and recognition
SHORT TERM MEMORY: WORKING
• Short Term or Working Memory Definition
– refers to a process that can hold a limited amount of
information-an average of seven items-for a limited
period of time –2 to 30 seconds
• Two features
– limited duration
– maintenance rehearsal
– refers to the practice of intentionally repeating or
rehearsing information so that it remains longer in
short-term memory
SHORT TERM MEMORY: WORKING (CONT.)
• Two features
– limited capacity
• Interference
– results when new information enters short-term
memory and overwrites or pushes out information that
is already there
• Chunking
– combining separate items of information into a larger
unit, or chunk, and then remembering chunks of
information rather than individual items
SHORT TERM MEMORY: WORKING (CONT.)
• Functions of short-tem memory
– Attending
• selectively attend to information that is relevant
and disregard everything else
– Rehearsing
• allows you to hold information for a short period of
time until you decide what to do with it
– Storing
• helps to store or encode information in long-term
memory
LONG-TERM MEMORY: STORING
• Putting information into long-term memory
– Long-term memory
• refers to the process of storing almost unlimited
amounts of information over long periods of time
with the potential of retrieving, or remembering,
such information in the future
– Encoding
• process of transferring information from short-term
to long-term memory by paying attention to it,
repeating or rehearsing it, or forming new
associations
– Retrieving
• process of selecting information from long-term
memory and transferring it back into short-term
memory
LONG-TERM MEMORY: STORING (CONT.)
• Separate Memory Systems
• Primacy Versus Recency
– primacy effect
• better recall, or improvement in retention, of
information presented at the beginning of a task
– recency effect
• better recall, or improvement in retention, of
information presented at the end of a task
– primary-recency effect
• better recall of information presented at the
beginning and end of a task
• Short-Term Versus Long-Term Memory
LONG-TERM MEMORY: STORING (CONT.)
• Declarative versus procedural or nondeclarative
– Declarative memory
• involves memories for facts or events, such as
scenes, stories, words, conversations, faces, or
daily events
– Semantic memory
• type of declarative memory and that involves
knowledge of facts, concepts, words, definitions,
and language rules
LONG-TERM MEMORY: STORING (CONT.)
• Declarative versus procedural or nondeclarative
– Episodic memory
• type of declarative memory that involves
knowledge of specific events, personal
experiences (episodes), or activities, such as
naming or describing favorite restaurants or
hobbies
LONG-TERM MEMORY: STORING (CONT.)
• Declarative versus procedural or nondeclarative
– Procedural or nondeclarative memory
• involves memories for motor skills (playing tennis),
some cognitive behaviors learned through
classical conditioning
ENCODING: TRANSFERING
• Two kinds of encoding
– Automatic encoding
• transfer of information from short-term into longterm memory without any effort and usually without
any awareness
• personal events
• interesting facts
• skills and habits
ENCODING: TRANSFERING (CONT.)
• Two kinds of encoding
– Effortful encoding
• involves the transfer of information from short-term
into long-term memory either by working hard to
repeat or rehearse the information or, especially,
by making associations between new and old
information
ENCODING: TRANSFERING (CONT.)
• Rehearsing and encoding
– Maintenance rehearsal
• refers to simply repeating or rehearsing the
information rather than forming any new
associations
– Elaborative rehearsal
• involves using effort to actively make meaningful
associations between new information that you
wish to remember and old or familiar information
that is already stored in long-term memory
ENCODING: TRANSFERING (CONT.)
• Levels of processing
– theory says that remembering depends on how
information is encoded
– shallow processing: poor recall
– deeper and deepest processing: encode by making
new association
REPRESSED MEMORIES
• Definition of repressed memory
– the process by which the mind pushes a memory of
some threatening or traumatic event deep into the
unconscious mind
• Implanting false memories
– studies on implanting false memories simply show
that a false suggestion can grow into a vivid, detailed,
and believable personal memory
Unusual Memories
• photographic memory
– occurs in adults, is ability to form sharp, detailed
visual images after examining a picture or page for a
short period of time and to recall the entire image at a
later date
• eidetic imagery
– Form of photographic memory that occurs in children,
is the ability to examine a picture or page for 10-3
seconds and then for several minutes hold in one’s
mind a detailed visual image of the material
Unusual Memories
• flashbulb memories
– vivid recollections, usually in great detail, of dramatic
or emotionally charged incidents that are of interest to
the person
– encoded effortlessly and may last for long periods of
time
Unusual Memories (CONT.)