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MEMORY
Introduction
Memory - the ability to retain
information over time
through three processes:
Encoding - getting information
in
Storing - retaining
Retrieving - getting it back out
 Activity 1 - Stare at the picture for one
minute. When instructed to do so, turn
that page over and answer the
questions from the “memory quiz.”
A. Three Types of
Memory
Objectives 6.1; 6.2; 6.3
1. Information Processing Model
(or, 3 stage processing)
 Sensory Memory
 Working (Short-Term) Memory
 Long-Term Memory
Info-Processing Model Graphic
Retrieval
Sensory
Memory
Forgotten
Encode
Working
Memory
Forgotten
Encode
Long-Term
Memory
B. Sensory Memory
1. Initial process that holds
incoming information for an
instant to several seconds
2. Functions
 Prevents being overwhelmed
 Gives decision time
 Provides stability, playback and
recognition
3. 2 types
 Iconic - visual
 Echoic - auditory
Memorize!
 Look at each of the following
for 20 seconds. When I say stop,
write down what you
remember.
4
8 3 7 9 2 5 1 6
T X W M K Y R K L
C. Short Term Memory:
Working
1. Definition
Hold limited amount of info: 7
items for 2 to 30 seconds
2. Two features
Limited duration & capacity
Maintenance rehearsal intentionally repeating or
rehearsing
3. Interference
When new info enters shortterm memory and pushes out
info that is already there
4. Chunking
Combining separate items of
info into a larger unit, or chunk
5. Functions of short-term memory
Attending
Selectively attend to info that is relevant
Rehearsing
Hold info for a short period of time
Storing
Helps encode info into long-term
memory
Activity 2
Follow the instructions on the
sheet provided to you - no
talking! Then listen to the
following statements.
Practice Quiz
1. The initial kind of memory
which holds information in a
“raw” form for a few
seconds is called:
a)
b)
c)
d)
Short-term memory
Sensory memory
Chunking memory
Long-term memory
2. Iconic memory is a form of
sensory memory which holds:
a. auditory information
b. visual information
c. general knowledge, facts
& definitions
d. knowledge about
performing motor skills
3. An unlimited amount of
information can be stored in:
a. sensory memory
b. long-term memory
c. working memory
d. echoic memory
4. Short-term memory is also
referred to as:
a. working memory
b. sensory memory
c. semantic memory
d. long-term memory
5. A main reason information
disappears from short-term
memory is:
a. interference
b. lack of rehearsal
c. lack of motivation
d. low intelligence
Sour
Nice
Candy
Honey
Sugar
Soda
Bitter
Chocolate
Good
Heart
Taste
Cake
Tooth
Tart
Pie
D. Long-Term Memory:
Storing
1. Long-term memory
 Process of storing almost unlimited
amount of info over long periods
of time
 Potential to retrieve (remember)
 Need encoding and retrieval
 Primacy-recency effect
2. Types of Long-term memory
Declarative
Semantic - Knowledge of facts,
concepts, words, definitions and
language rules
Episodic - Knowledge of specific event,
personal experiences or activities
Procedural (nondeclarative)
Memories for motor skills, some cognitive
behaviors learned through classical
conditioning
F. Encoding: Transferring
1. Two kinds of encoding
a. Automatic encoding
w/o effort and usually w/o
awareness
What did you eat for breakfast today?
Was the last time you studied during the
day or night?
You know the meanings of these very
words you are reading. Are you actively
trying to process the definition of the
words?
b. Effortful encoding
working hard to rehearse
info or by making
associations between new &
old info
Memorizing your notes for your
upcoming exams
Repeating a phone number in
you head until you can write it
down
c. Rehearsing & Encoding
Maintenance rehearsal repeating w/o new
associations
Elaborative rehearsal - using
effort to actively make
meaningful associations
between new & old info
d. Levels of processing
Theory says that
remembering depends on
how information is encoded
Shallow processing: poor recall
Deeper and deepest
processing: encode by making
new associations
G. Repressed Memories
Process by which the mind
pushes a memory of some
threatening or traumatic
event deep into the
unconscious minds
Controversy: Implanting false
memories: Elizabeth Loftus’
research
QuickTime™ and a
H.264 decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
H. Cultural Diversity
I. Unusual Memories
1. Photographic memory
Eidetic imagery: occurs in
children
2. Flashbulb memory
Encoded effortlessly & in great
detail
What are the 20 digits of pi?
1.The amount of information
that can be processed in
working memory is typically
increased through:
a. mood convergence
b. chunking
c. elaborative rehearsal
d. free recall
2. Working memory performs three
functions. Which of the following
is NOT among the three
functions?
a. holds information for a short
period of time
b. promotes storage in long-term
memory
c. selectively attend to
information that is relevant
d. provides a location for network
nodes
3. Carlos memorizes a list of 10
grocery items that he needs to
buy later that day at SuperOne
supermarket. When at the
grocery store, he will have the
greatest difficulty remembering
the:
a. ones in the middle of the list
b. first one on the list
c. last item
d. next to last item
4. Cultures that value oral traditions
tend to perform better on
memory tasks that require
encoding of information:
a. organized in hierarchies
b. presented as part of a play or
drama
c. presented rapidly
d. presented orally
5. Create a network hierarchy.
Module 12: Remembering
& Forgetting
A. Organization of
Memories
1. Network theory of memory
organization
 theory says that we store related
ideas in separate categories, or files,
called nodes
a. Associations
 linking of nodes together by making
associations between new and old
information
b. Network
 thousands of interconnected nodes, which
form an enormous cognitive network for
arranging and storing files
c. Organization of network
hierarchy
Arranging memory files (nodes) so
that general information is broken
down into more specific info
Create a personal example in your
notes
B. Forgetting Curves
Unfamiliar and uninteresting
Familiar and interesting
C. Reasons for
Forgetting
1. Overview: forgetting
inability to retrieve, recall, or
recognize information that was
stored or is still stored in longterm memory
Repression
C. Reasons for
Forgetting
2. How do we forget?
a. poor retrieval cues/poor
encoding
retrieval cues are mental reminders
that we create by forming vivid
mental images or creating
associations between new & old
information
b. Interference
recall of some particular memory is
blocked by other related memories
Proactive interference
occurs when old information (learned earlier)
WORKS FORWARD to block or disrupt the
remembering of related new information
(learned later)
Retroactive interference
occurs when new information (learned later)
WORKS BACKWARD to block or disrupt the
retrieval of related old information (learned
earlier)
c. Amnesia
may be temporary or permanent, is loss of
memory that may occur after a blow or
damage to the brain or after disease
The Rumor Chain
d. Distortion
we misremember something due to memory
distortions caused by bias or suggestibility
Schema - a mental category or construct
Retrieval cues
mental reminders that you create by forming
vivid mental images of information, or
associating new information with information
that you already know
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
refers to having a strong feeling that a
particular word can be recalled, but despite
making a great effort, we are temporarily
unable to recall this particular information
D. Biological Bases of
Memory
http://ngm.nationalgeograp
hic.com/ngm/200711/memory/braininteractive.html
E. Mnemonics:
Memorization Methods
Method of Loci
Let’s take a walk around the
house!
Peg Method
One = bun
Two = shoe
Four = door
Five = hive
Six = sticks
Seven = heaven
Eight = gate
Nine = vine
Ten = hen