Download L2MSM - WordPress.com

Imagine you woke up one
morning and you had no
memory (at all!).
What things would be affected?
Read the article “The death of
yesterday” and watch the
video clip about Clive
Wearing..how was his
memory affected?

Objectives

To outline the Multi Store Model of Memory
To evaluate the Multi Store Model
 Explain what case studies are and how to
apply them to the MSM (AO3)
 To outline the strengths and weakness of
case studies (AO3)

Is this an
accurate
representation
of London?
What is a
Model?
Can memory
be
represented in
this way?






A representation of the thing being
described- not an exact explanation of it
An analogy
Based on evidence
There are two models of memory you need to
know
1. Multi Store Model (MSM)
2. Working Memory Model (WMM)
Using the cards in front of you, try and
put the model together.
Think about what we know already
about memory!
Be prepared to explain your decisions.



To keep things in STM and lengthen duration
we tend to REHEARSE it.
This keeps memories active and therefore
easier to recall.
Atkinson and Shiffrin called this
MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL
Capacity
Duration
Encoding
Sensory
Memory
?
?
?
STM
7 +/- 2
Less than
30 sec
Acoustic
LTM
Unlimited
lifetime?!
Semantic
To outline the Multi Store Model of Memory
The sensory store is composed of several
stores – eyes, ears, nose, fingers, etc and
corresponding areas of the brain.
These stores constantly receive information
but most of this receives no attention and
remains there for a brief time.
If attention is focused on this information,
then it will be transferred to the next
store… STM.



Info enters through each of the senses, which
have their own STSS. (Modality specificseparate store for each sense)
Vision – ICONIC
Sound – ECHOIC – acoustically represented
To outline the Multi Store Model of Memory
Capacity
Duration
Encoding
Sensory
Memory
Very large
Very short
Modality
specific
STM
7 +/- 2
Less than
30 sec
Acoustic
LTM
Unlimited
lifetime?!
Semantic
Annotate the diagram of the MSM to
help you understand how it works and
explains memory.
: Summarise the model in no more
than150 words
1) Jamie wanted to contact his doctor. He looked up the
number in his telephone directory. Before he dialled the
number, he had a short conversation with his friend. Jamie
was about to phone his doctor, but he had forgotten the
number.
Use your knowledge of the multi-store model to explain why
Jamie would not remember the doctor’s number. (4 marks)
2) The multi-store model of memory proposes that there are
separate short-term and long-term stores.
Explain two differences between short-term memory and
long-term memory in this model. (4 marks)

Many experiments have been carried out to
test the existence of separate stores (All the
studies from last week)

Case studies

Brain imaging studies e.g. MRI scans


STM and LTM are linked to specific areas of
the brain
PET and fMRI take images of the active brain
 Prefontal
cortex active when working on
a task in STM.
Prefontal cortex
Part of brain where thoughts and actions are orchestrated – Executive
Function
 Hippocampus is active when LTM is
engaged.
Plays a part in memory and spatial
navigation
 HM
 Clive
 KF
W
Each of these is a case
study of a person who
had something wrong
with their memory.
Find out what happened
to each of them and what
the effects on their STM
or LTM was.
Link to research
Methods: +/- case
studies.

These involve study of an individual, small group, institution
or an event. A case study can involve a whole host of
techniques including observations, questionnaires, surveys,
interviews, testing and even on occasion experiments.

Good

Bad






 lost LTM
 STM remains intact.
HM’s semantic memory is still intact and he
can learn and improve new skills.
 unable to form new episodic memories.
 he did retain some episodic memories of
his earlier life, up to two years prior to the
surgery.
HM case study (Milner, 1966). Digit Span was
fine but could not lay down new LTMs (must be
separate stores?)



 retained a near normal LTM.
 KF could still recall visual information using
his STM
but struggled with auditory and verbal
information, making conversation difficult.





lost LTM
 STM remains intact.
 Clive Wearing has no recollection of any event in his
life. His wife Deborah explains that he knows that he has a
wife but doesn’t remember getting married. His memory for
faces, other than his own and his wife’s is minimal. His
episodic memory (for episodes in his life) has been damaged
beyond repair.
 can still walk, talk, read, play the piano, conduct; he can
still use a knife and fork and a telephone. His LTM for skills
and his understanding of how the World works is intact.

One STM & one LTM? Maybe not..
25

Is Rehearsal important? Maybe not..
• Flashbulb Memories
(Brown & Kullik, 1977) are
‘snapshots’ of key personal
events which seem to go
straight into LTM without the
need for rehearsal or
26
Theories of Memory: Multi-store Model (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968)
Supporting  and Challenging  Studies/evidence
Study/Evidence
PET scans show diff brain areas active depending on whether
STM (pre-frontal cortex)or LTM (hippocampus) is being used
(Squire, 1992)
What does it show in relation to the
theory…?
Shows that there are separate STM
and LTM stores 
Outline and evaluate Atkinson and Shiffrin’s
Multi-store model of memory. (12 marks)
AO1-Outline, explain what MSM is the different
stores etc
AO2-Evaluate, positives and negatives of the
model use studies etc!
Revise for assessment
Thursday!

Objectives

To outline the Multi Store Model of Memory

To evaluate the Multi Store Model
Explain what case studies are and how to
apply them to the MSM (AO3)
 To outline the strengths and weakness of
case studies (AO3)
