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WHS AP Psychology
Unit 7: Memory & Cognition
Lesson 7: Storage
DO NOW
• Explain the difference between explicit and
implicit memories.
– Thinking of examples might be helpful.
STORAGE:
A Simplified Memory Model
Sensory input
Attention to important
or novel information
Encoding
External
events
Sensory
memory
Short-term
memory
Encoding
Long-term
memory
Retrieving
Storage: Sensory Memory
 Iconic Memory
 a momentary (less than 1 sec) sensory
memory of visual stimuli
 Echoic Memory
 momentary (3-4 sec) sensory memory of
auditory stimuli
Storage: Short-term Memory
• Holds information we are aware of or
thinking about at any given moment
• AKA working memory
Storage: Short-Term Memory
Percentage
90
who recalled
80
list
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
 Short-Term
Memory
3
6
9
12
15
18
Time in seconds between seeing list and recall
request
(no rehearsal allowed)
 limited in
duration and
capacity
 “magical”
number 7+/-2
Maintaining STM
• Information can be held in STM by using
rote rehearsal
• Rote rehearsal involves repeating
information over and over
• Not very effective in creating long term
memories
Outline
Storage: Long-term Memory
• Everything that is learned is stored in longterm memory
• Capacity of long-term memory
– Vast amounts of information may be stored
for many years
– No known limits to capacity
Encoding in Long-term Memory
• Most information is encoded in terms of
meaning
• Some information is stored verbatim
• Some information is coded in terms of
nonverbal images
– Research has shown that memory for visually
encoded information is better than
phonologically encoded information
CONCEPT MAPS CREATE A VISUAL!!!!
Types of Long Term Memory
• Explicit memory
– Episodic Memory
– Semantic Memory
• Implicit memory
– Procedural Memory
@#$!&
@#$!&
– Emotional Memory
Storage: Long-Term Memory
Subsystems
Types of
long-term
memories
Explicit
Memories:
With conscious
recall
Facts-general
knowledge
(“semantic
memory”)
Personally
experienced
events
(“episodic
memory”)
Implicit
Memories:
Without conscious
recall
Skills-motor
and cognitive
(“procedural
memory”
Emotional &
classical and
operant
conditioning
effects
Storage: Long-Term Memory
 Hippocampus--neural center in limbic system that
helps process explicit memories for storage
 Processes explicit memories – then sent to
multiple different regions.
Hippocampus
Storage: Long-Term Memory
• Cerebellum
• Processes implicit
memories
Ex: classicalconditioned eyeblink disappears
when you remove
cerebellum
Stress Hormones and Memory
 Flashbulb Memories
 Stress hormones aide memory
 Hormone surge alert brain that something
important has happened.
 Physical or psychological pain, trauma create surge
 Rat study – shot of hormones with a leg shock
 Creates a very strong memory
 Biological evidence for why emotional memories
are stronger.
CLASSWORK
• Memory applications
HOMEWORK
• Use the vocabulary and theories in the chapter to
address the following questions:
• How would you explain memory to your friend who is
trying to understand how he encoded, stored, and
retrieved information that he learned in school when
writing an essay?
• How would this explanation differ if you are explaining to
him how he remembered how to ride a bike?
• How might you account for the fact that he forgot some
of what he learned or that he incorporated
misinformation into his essay?
• How might you suggest that he improve his memory for
the future?