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Chapter 7 Memory Memory is the process by which we recollect prior experiences, information and skills learned in the past Types of memory Episodic Memory Memory of a specific event Semantic Memory General knowledge memory Implicit Memory Skills or procedure memory Take out a piece of paper Name the Seven Dwarves Difficulty of Task • Was the exercise easy or difficult. It depends on what factors? •Whether you like Disney movies •how long ago you watched the movie •how loud the people are around you when you are trying to remember Turn your paper over. Now pick pick out the seven dwarves. Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy Droopy Dopey Sniffy Wishful Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Pop Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach Snorty Nifty Happy Doc Wheezy Stubby Poopy Seven Dwarves Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful The Memory process • Encoding • Storage • Retrieval Encoding • The processing of information into the memory system. Typing info into a computer Getting a girls name at a party Encoding exercise Types of Encoding • Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning, like the meaning of words •Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words. •Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images. Which type works best? Storage • The retention of encoded material over time. Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info. Trying to remember her name when you leave the party. Tip-of-tongue phenomenon • A belief that • Example: The name information is of the actor who stored in memory played the villain in however we can not the last Dark retrieve it Knight movie who I think is really good looking Retrieval • The process of getting the information out of memory storage. Finding your document and opening it up. Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure). Context Dependent memory • It helps to put yourself back in the same context you experienced (encoded) something. • If you study on your favorite chair at home, you will probably score higher if you also took the test on the chair. State dependent memory • Memory retrieval is • We usually recall experiences that better of we are in are consistent the same state or with our current mood mood. Emotions, or moods, serve as retrieval cues. Stress and Memory • Stress can lead to the release of hormones that have been shown to assist in LTM. • Similar to the idea of Flashbulb Memory. Flashbulb Memory Ruters/ Corbis A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear, strong, and persistent memory called flashbulb memory. However, this memory is not free from errors. President Bush being told of 9/11 attack. Types of Memory • Sensory Memory: • Short-Term Memory • Long-Term Memory Sensory Memory • The immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system. • Stored just for an instant, and most gets unprocessed. Sensory Memories The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses. Iconic 0.5 sec. long Echoic 3-4 sec. long Hepatic < 1 sec. long Short-Term Memory • Memory that holds a few items briefly. • Seven digits (plus of minus two). • The info will be stored into long-term or forgotten. How do you store things from short-term to long-term? Rehearsal You must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory. Memory Effects 1. Spacing Effect: We retain information better when we rehearse over time. 2. Serial Position Effect: When your recall is better for first and last items on a list, but poor for middle items. Spacing Effect • We encode better when we study or practice over time. • DO NOT CRAM!!!!! Serial Positioning Effect • Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. Presidents Recalled If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this. Take out a piece of paper and…. List the U.S. Presidents The Presidents Washington J.Adams Jefferson Madison Monroe JQ Adams Jackson Van Buren Harrison Tyler Polk Taylor Fillmore Pierce Buchanan Lincoln A.Johnson Grant Hayes Garfield Arthur Cleveland Harrison Cleveland McKinley T.Roosevelt Taft Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover FD.Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L.Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan Bush Clinton Bush Jr. Obama Chunking • Organizing items into familiar, manageable units. • Often it will occur automatically. 1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1 Do these numbers mean anything to you? Chunk- from Goonies 1492, 1776, 1812, 1941 how about now? Interference Learning some new information may disrupt retrieval of other information. Types of Retrieval Failure Proactive Interference • The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. If you call your new girlfriend your old girlfriend’s name. Types of Retrieval Failure Retroactive Interference • The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. When you finally remember this years locker combination, you forget last years. Long-Term Memory • The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. The Hippocampus • Damage to the hippocampus disrupts our memory. • Left = Verbal • Right = Visual and Locations • The hippocampus is the like the librarian for the library which is our brain. Storage Decay • Even if we encode something well, we can forget it. • Without rehearsal, we forget thing over time. • Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve. Déja Vu Déja Vu means “I've experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience. © The New Yorker Collection, 1990. Leo Cullum from cartoonbank.com. All Rights Reserved Déjà Vu • That eerie sense that you have experienced something before. • What is occurring is that the current situation cues past experiences that are very Is déjà vu really a glitch in the Matrix? similar to the present oneyour mind gets confused. Forgetting Encoding Failure • We fail to encode the information. • It never has a chance to enter our LTM. Which penny is real? Did you do better on the first or second dwarf memory exercise? Recall v. Recognition • With recall- you must retrieve the information from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests). • With recognition- you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple-choice tests). • Which is easier? Rehearsal Effortful learning usually requires rehearsal or conscious repetition. http://www.isbn3-540-21358-9.de Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables: TUV YOF GEK XOZ Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) Rehearsal The more times the nonsense syllables were practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions were required to remember them on Day 2. Motivated Forgetting Motivated Forgetting: People unknowingly revise their memories. Culver Pictures Repression: A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. Sigmund Freud Motivated Forgetting Why does is exist? One explanation is REPRESSION: • in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories from consciousness. Anterograde Amnesia After losing his hippocampus in surgery, patient Henry M. (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot make new memories. We call this anterograde amnesia. Anterograde Amnesia (HM) Memory Intact No New Memories Surgery Tricks to improve your memory • Use imagery: mental pictures Mnemonic Devices use imagery. Like my “peg word” system or…. "Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums." Mars, Venus, Earth, Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto. Give me some more examples…. Links to examples of mnemonic devices. Self-Reference Effect • An example of how we encode meaning very well. • The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves. Peg-word system Mnemonics Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids. Mnemonic techniques use vivid imagery in aiding memory. Method of Loci List of Items Imagined Locations Charcoal Pens Bed Sheets Hammer . . . Rug Backyard Study Bedroom Garage . . . Living Room Chunking Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it. HOMES = Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior PEMDAS = Parentheses, Exponent, Multiply, Divide, Add, Subtract ROY G. BIV = Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet Improving Memory 1. Study repeatedly to boost long-term recall. 2. Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking about the material. 3. Make material personally meaningful. 4. Use mnemonic devices: associate with peg words — something already stored make up a story chunk — acronyms Improving Memory 5. Activate retrieval cues — mentally recreate the situation and mood. 6. Recall events while they are fresh — before you encounter misinformation. 7. Minimize interference: 1. 2. © LWA-Dann Tardiff/ Corbis Test your own knowledge. Rehearse and then determine what you do not yet know.