Download UNIT 7A Intro to memory

Memory
CHAPTER 9
Intro to Memory
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The Mystery of Memory
Forgetting Questionnaire
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Average Responses
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C/D
A
B
B
D
B/C
B/C
8. B/C
9. A
10. B
11. A
12. D
13. B
14. A
15.
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18.
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20.
B/C
C
B
B
A
A
Most Common Memory Complaints
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Names 83%
Where you put things 60%
Telephone Numbers 57%
Specific Words 53%
Not recalling what you already told someone 49%
Forgetting what people told you 49%
Faces 42%
Directions 41%
What you were getting ready to do 41%
What you have already done (ex. Turn something off)
38%
How good is your memory?
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Memoriad: Memory Olympics..Annual
events include memorizing the order of a
deck of cards (record is 34 secs…23 packs
in 1 hour, memorizing digits in order (630
in 30 mins.) memorizing pi 30,000 places.
Champion is Rajan.
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CAN YOU NAME THE SEVEN DWARFS?
How good is your memory?
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CAN YOU NAME THE SEVEN DWARFS
FROM A LIST?
Drowsy
Dopey
Sneezy
Doc
Gloomy
Stuffy
Bashful
Flabby
Sleepy
Tipsy
Helpful
Pop
Snoozy
Hungry
Sleezy
Happy
Cranky
Sloppy
Sniffy
Scrapy
Silly
Joyful
Grumpy
Hopeful
How good is your memory?
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THE SEVEN DWARFS
Dopey, Bashful, Sneezy, Sleepy, Happy,
Grumpy, Doc
Recognition vs. Recall
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Recognition is usually easier than recall.
– Recall: you must generate possible answers
and then identify correct answers.
– Recognition: Given possible answers and have
to select the correct one(s)
Memory: How are memories made?
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Memory – any indication that learning
has persisted over a period of time
through the storage and retrieval of
information
– 1. Encoding – getting info to the brain
– 2. Storage – retain the information
– 3. Retrieval – getting info back out of the
brain
– Human Experiments..What is memory
Encoding
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Do you remember what a penny looks
like?
– Try to draw the face side of a penny in the
margin of your notes….
– Try to draw the reverse side of a penny ….
A US Penny….
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Are the following on the Penny? Answer YES OR NO
The words one penny
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The words United States of America
The right side of Washington’s face
The words ONE CENT
The date of mint
The great seal
The word Lincoln Memorial
The number 1 centered
The full face of Lincoln
The right side of Lincoln’s face
A laurel wreath
The Lincoln Memorial
The words IN GOD WE TRUST
The word LIBERTY
The words E PLURIBUS UNUM
The Statue of Liberty’s Torch
Which penny is correct?
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P. 377
A US Penny….
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Are the following on the Penny? Answer YES OR NO
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The words ONE PENNY
The words United States of America
The words ONE CENT
The date of mint
The great seal
The word Lincoln Memorial
The number 1 centered
The full face of Lincoln
The right side of Lincoln’s face
A laurel wreath
The Lincoln Memorial
The words IN GOD WE TRUST
The word LIBERTY
The words E PLURIBUS UNUM
The Statue of Liberty’s Torch
US Penny
Why don’t we encode everything?
 This is called encoding failure
 What do we decide to encode?
– We typically encode the things that are
important to us!
– Although we see pennies on a daily basis we
may not encode what their features… this is
not necessary to tell a penny from other coins
– Instructions: Turn your head to face the back
of the room….
What we encode
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Q. 2 vivid memories. Q Why? do A. they are
emotionally significant this is called flashbulb
memory.(p.351). Review- preschool popcorn
fire,earliest childhood memory
Ex. Where were you when you first heard the report of
the twin towers begin hit by airplanes? Sandy Hook?
Show Human Experience Tape on flashbulb memory
Information that is different. (Teacher presenting in
different way
What we encode
can be related to other ingrained
memories
 also what we focus or give attention –
going in a line/circle.
 Information that is important. Q. Top
color on US Flag, top of a stoplight (which
is more important?) Letters that are not
on a home phone, US Penny exer.
 Meaningful- BAZ, LEQ, WAV, GEK, HIW
vs. OWL, BAT, MAN, FUN
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Three Box / Three Stage
Processing Model
Sensory
memory
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Short
Term
Memory
Retrieval
Long
Term
Memory
External events are processed by our
sensory memory
– Immediate recording of info in the memory
system
Three Box / Three Stage
Processing Model
Sensory
memory
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Short
Term
Memory
Retrieval
Long
Term
Memory
Some of the info from the sensory memory is encoded
into our short-term memory
– Memory that holds only a small amount of info
– In short term before the info is stored in long term or forgotten
– Sometimes referred to as working memory (we are currently
working with these memories and they are at a conscious level)
Three Box / Three Stage
Processing Model
Sensory
memory
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Short
Term
Memory
Retrieval
Long
Term
Memory
Some of info from our short term memory is
encoded in our long-term memory.
– “Permanent” storage but long term memories can
fade
– Long term memory is thought to be unlimited
Sensory Memory
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Sensory Memory - Split second holding tank for
incoming information
– Most sensory information is not encoded
– Iconic memory – fleeting photographic memory
– Q When we say Oprah is an icon..what do we
mean?
– Echoic memory – fleeting auditory memory. Q
experience with your parents
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How do we choose what to encode from sensory
input?
– What’s meaningful, important .etc, what we’re
attending to (we have selective attention)
Iconic Memory Activity
George Sperling flashes a group of 9
letters for 1/20th of a second people could
recall only half the letters. When asked to
recall a particular row immediately they
could do so near perfectly
 Iconic Memory Activity: Live Psych
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Short Term Memory
Limited capacity
 Memories in the short-term are temporary
(could fade within seconds or minutes)
 Capacity is limited to around seven items
(plus or minus 2)
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– Activity – Memory Capacity
– The capacity could be increased by using chunking,
rehearsal or mnemonic devices
– Rajan- Supermemorist
Long Term Memory
Unlimited capacity
 Not truly permanent since memories can fade
 Memories stored in three different formats p.
368
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– Episodic Memory – memory of specific events,
stored in a sequential series. Ex. – learning to ride a
bike
– Procedural Memory – Memory of how to perform
skills, stored in sequential series. Ex. How to ride a
bike
– Semantic Memory – General knowledge, facts,
meaning, stored in categories
Retrospective vs. prospective
Memory
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Retrospective Memory- Remembering things
you’ve done in the past
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Prospective Memory- remembering what
you’re supposed to do. (ex. fill out college
application by Saturday)
Long Term Memories
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Explicit vs. Implicit Memories
– Explicit (aka declarative) – conscious recall
 Ex. general knowledge or experiences–recall a
definition
– Implicit (aka non declarative) – without
conscious recall
Endless Memory, Part 2
Levels of Processing Model
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Levels of Processing Model – Memories
are not short or long term; rather they are
either deeply or shallowly processed.
– We remember things we spend more
cognitive time processing
Activity: Live Psych activity