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Thinking About Memory What is memory? Write about the first event in your life that you can remember. – Describe it in the greatest detail you can. – Estimate how old you were when this event occurred. – Why do you think you remember this? – Why don’t you think you remember anything before this? Memory Mental processes that enable us to acquire, retain and retrieve information Memory Processes Encoding: transforming info so the nervous system can process and store it Storage: process by which info is maintained over a period of time so it can be used later Retrieval: process of recovering info so that we are consciously aware of it Stage Model of Memory 1. Sensory Memory: brief storage of info from the environment Iconic memory – visual sensory memory that lasts about ¼ second Echoic memory – auditory sensory memory that lasts about 3-4 seconds 2. Short-term Memory Limited in capacity and duration (5-9 [7+/-2] items and up to approx. 20 seconds) Also called working memory – imagining, problem solving – Maintenance rehearsal: repeating info to oneself in order to hold it past typical 20 seconds – IB…MFB…IGC…HSN…AS…AES…PND…VD – IBM…FBI…GCHS…NASA…ESPN…DVD – Chunking: grouping items to make them easier to remember – Next-in-line effect: unable to remember words directly in front and behind yours 3. Long-term Memory – – – – – Storage of info over a long period of time (limitless in capacity and time) Elaborative rehearsal: focus on meaning to transfer into LTM Self-reference and visual imagery help greatly! Procedural: skills, operations, actions (type, bike, run) Semantic: facts, names, definitions, concepts, ideas Episodic: one’s life, including time and occurrence Flash-bulb: vivid, detailed memories Retrieving Information Recall: a person reconstructs already learned material Recognition: identifying an object, idea, or situation Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon Retrieval cues Serial Position Effect: better able to recall info at the beginning and end of a list (primacy, recency, serial) Mood Congruence: a mood tends to evoke memories consistent with that mood State Dependent: what is learned in one state is best recalled in the same state Context-effects: what is learned in one environment is best recalled in the same Forgetting Interference: memories being blocked/ erased by previous or subsequent ones – Proactive: old memory blocks new ones – Retroactive: new memory blocks old ones Repression: unconsciously blocking of unpleasant memories Suppression: conscious effort to forget Decay: fading away of memories Amnesia: loss of memory Improving Memory Mnemonic devices: techniques using associations to memorize and retrieve information – HOMES – ROY G BIV – Method of Loci