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Remembering and Forgetting Problems encoding and/or storing in the media • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MNX2YVIMRqs – 5 minutes • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KuvF113uty4 - Dory • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFWAE1CffbY&feature=related (bleep out 1:10-1:22) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xnc5MWuFurU&feature=relate d – overboard • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1f1eVRpXOJo&feature=related - Paycheck • http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~kihlstrm/movies.htm Terms • Explicit Memory – Conscious, intentional recollection of an event or of specific information – Recall and Recognition are part of this • Name the 7 Dwarves • Which of the following are the 7 Dwarves? • Implicit Memory – The unconscious retention of previous experiences that creep into our current thoughts/actions – Studied through priming • In between these two: – Ebbinghaus…. Re-learning method…recalling, but also using previous experience…from repeitition Ebbinghaus Study • The Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve: • Psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus was one of the first to scientifically study forgetting. • Used self as subject • Tested his memory using lists of 3-letter nonsense syllables (like KAF, PEB) – Nonsense because he didn’t want his existing knowledge to be able to help out his memory • Tested his memory for periods of time ranging from 20 minutes to 31 days. • His results show a forgetting “curve” (time and forgetting) – Initially, information is often lost very quickly after it is learned. Factors such as how the information was learned and how frequently it was rehearsed play a role in how quickly these memories are lost. • The forgetting curve also showed that forgetting does not continue to decline until all of the information is lost. At a certain point, the amount of forgetting levels off. What exactly does this mean? It indicates that information stored in long-term memory is surprisingly stable. • Adapted from: http://psychology.about.com/od/cognitivepsychology/p/forgetting.htm Models of Memory • Information Processor (sound familiar?) – Encode info to make it useful – Store it (here it is put in cognitive schemas for organization) – Retrieve it • Storage part involves 3 kinds of memory – 1. sensory – 2. short term (STM) – 3. long term (LTM) Multi-store Model of Memory (Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968) Sensory Memory • The “waiting room” of the memory • Momentarily preserves extremely accurate images of sensory info to be taken into STM • We can identify what we see based on stored LTMs • If info doesn’t go to STM lost forever Short-term Memory (STM) • • • • • • “Working Memory” “Scratch Pad” Processes info that is coming in and new (learning) Processes info that is retrieved from LTM to use in the current situation “Leaky Bucket” analogy – George Miller – 5-7 objects at once Chunking (go read page 323 of book) http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/java/facemem.html - facial memory • www.luminosity.com • Psych Sim 5 – Short Term Memory • http://www.youramazingbrain.org/yourmemory/# • H.M. example – can do short term memory, but can not store to Long Tem memory (gives validity to the Multi-store model) Long-term Memory (LTM) • The “final destination” • Helps us: learn, get around, form identity • Semantic categories activity • Types of Information in LTM: – Procedural: knowledge HOW TO do something – Declarative: Knowing something is TRUE • Semantic: facts, rules, concepts • Episodic: personally experienced events Serial Position Effect • Why mostly first and last items of list remembered? • 1st – STM relatively empty when starting • Last – info still in STM and available for recall • Still somewhat of a mystery… • Seen in the Roediger and McDermott Study How We Remember • Effective Encoding – – automatic (like your location in space and time… “Where did you eat breakfast this morning?”) – Effortful (remembering facts for tests) • Rehearsal – Repeating over and over to keep in STM before it goes to LTM – Most people use speech to encode and rehearse (saying things over and over to yourself) – Maintenance Rehearsal: rote repetition – Elaborative Rehearsal: associating new item with many already known facts – Deep Processing: processing the meaning rather than just the physical or sensory features – *Bloom’s Taxonomy Mnemonics • Rhymes – “30 Days has September” – Parks and Rec clip – Any others? • Acronyms – HOMES – What can you think of? • Imagery Associations • Partner activity: With the mnemonic I give you, you and a partner come up with a way to remember all the territories of Canada Why We Forget • To a certain degree, forgetfulness is a positive thing…keeps our mind sane and helps us survive…gets rid of the clutter • Marigold Linton..pg 334 • Psychologists have suggested that there are 5 mechanisms that account for forgetting… Forgetting • Decay – memory traces fade with time if not accessed now and then….second language? • Replacement – misleading info can cause forgetting of original material • Interference – similar info in your mind gets confused with one another – Retroactive interference: new info interferes with old (Judy/Julie) – Proactive interference: old info distracting the new (French then Spanish) Forgetting • Cue-dependent forgetting – inability to retrieve information stored because of insufficient cues for recall – Ex: knowing an actor’s first name might cue you to remember the last name too – Cues present when learning can help trigger those memories later…remembering in same physical environment as event is easier – De ja Vu – when cues overlap…makes us think we’ve been somewhere/seen something before when we haven’t Cue-dependent forgetting (cont.) • State-dependent forgetting – The mental or physical state you were in when learning something, may be needed to be reproduced to remember it again • Emotional arousal, intoxication, mood • Language in Italy, happy memories when feeling happy • Mood-congruent memory effect can be vicious in the negative direction Psychogenic Amnesia • Amnesia = inability to remember important personal information (usually traumatic or stressful) • Reading…pgs 338-344 – Take notes on “Seven Basic Sins”