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Remembering and Forgetting
Problems encoding and/or storing in
the media
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MNX2YVIMRqs – 5 minutes
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KuvF113uty4 - Dory
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFWAE1CffbY&feature=related
(bleep out 1:10-1:22)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xnc5MWuFurU&feature=relate
d – overboard
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1f1eVRpXOJo&feature=related
- Paycheck
• http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~kihlstrm/movies.htm
Terms
• Explicit Memory
– Conscious, intentional recollection of an event or of
specific information
– Recall and Recognition are part of this
• Name the 7 Dwarves
• Which of the following are the 7 Dwarves?
• Implicit Memory
– The unconscious retention of previous experiences that
creep into our current thoughts/actions
– Studied through priming
• In between these two:
– Ebbinghaus…. Re-learning method…recalling, but also
using previous experience…from repeitition
Ebbinghaus Study
• The Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve:
• Psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus was one of the first to scientifically
study forgetting.
• Used self as subject
• Tested his memory using lists of 3-letter nonsense syllables (like KAF, PEB)
– Nonsense because he didn’t want his existing knowledge to be able to help
out his memory
• Tested his memory for periods of time ranging from 20 minutes to 31 days.
• His results show a forgetting “curve” (time and forgetting)
– Initially, information is often lost very quickly after it is learned. Factors such as
how the information was learned and how frequently it was rehearsed play a
role in how quickly these memories are lost.
• The forgetting curve also showed that forgetting does not continue to
decline until all of the information is lost. At a certain point, the amount of
forgetting levels off. What exactly does this mean? It indicates that
information stored in long-term memory is surprisingly stable.
• Adapted from:
http://psychology.about.com/od/cognitivepsychology/p/forgetting.htm
Models of Memory
• Information Processor (sound familiar?)
– Encode info to make it useful
– Store it (here it is put in cognitive schemas for
organization)
– Retrieve it
• Storage part involves 3 kinds of memory
– 1. sensory
– 2. short term (STM)
– 3. long term (LTM)
Multi-store Model of Memory
(Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968)
Sensory Memory
• The “waiting room” of the memory
• Momentarily preserves extremely accurate
images of sensory info to be taken into STM
• We can identify what we see based on stored
LTMs
• If info doesn’t go to STM lost forever
Short-term Memory (STM)
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“Working Memory” “Scratch Pad”
Processes info that is coming in and new (learning)
Processes info that is retrieved from LTM to use in the current situation
“Leaky Bucket” analogy – George Miller – 5-7 objects at once
Chunking (go read page 323 of book)
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/java/facemem.html - facial
memory
• www.luminosity.com
• Psych Sim 5 – Short Term Memory
• http://www.youramazingbrain.org/yourmemory/#
• H.M. example – can do short term memory, but can not store to Long Tem
memory (gives validity to the Multi-store model)
Long-term Memory (LTM)
• The “final destination”
• Helps us: learn, get around, form identity
• Semantic categories activity
• Types of Information in LTM:
– Procedural: knowledge HOW TO do something
– Declarative: Knowing something is TRUE
• Semantic: facts, rules, concepts
• Episodic: personally experienced events
Serial Position Effect
• Why mostly first and last items of list
remembered?
• 1st – STM relatively empty when starting
• Last – info still in STM and available for recall
• Still somewhat of a mystery…
• Seen in the Roediger and
McDermott Study
How We Remember
• Effective Encoding –
– automatic (like your location in space and time… “Where did
you eat breakfast this morning?”)
– Effortful (remembering facts for tests)
• Rehearsal
– Repeating over and over to keep in STM before it goes to LTM
– Most people use speech to encode and rehearse (saying things
over and over to yourself)
– Maintenance Rehearsal: rote repetition
– Elaborative Rehearsal: associating new item with many already
known facts
– Deep Processing: processing the meaning rather than just the
physical or sensory features
– *Bloom’s Taxonomy
Mnemonics
• Rhymes – “30 Days has September”
– Parks and Rec clip
– Any others?
• Acronyms – HOMES
– What can you think of?
• Imagery Associations
• Partner activity: With the mnemonic I give you,
you and a partner come up with a way to
remember all the territories of Canada
Why We Forget
• To a certain degree, forgetfulness is a positive
thing…keeps our mind sane and helps us
survive…gets rid of the clutter
• Marigold Linton..pg 334
• Psychologists have suggested that there are 5
mechanisms that account for forgetting…
Forgetting
• Decay – memory traces fade with time if not
accessed now and then….second language?
• Replacement – misleading info can cause
forgetting of original material
• Interference – similar info in your mind gets
confused with one another
– Retroactive interference: new info interferes with old
(Judy/Julie)
– Proactive interference: old info distracting the new
(French then Spanish)
Forgetting
• Cue-dependent forgetting – inability to retrieve
information stored because of insufficient cues
for recall
– Ex: knowing an actor’s first name might cue you to
remember the last name too
– Cues present when learning can help trigger those
memories later…remembering in same physical
environment as event is easier
– De ja Vu – when cues overlap…makes us think we’ve
been somewhere/seen something before when we
haven’t
Cue-dependent forgetting (cont.)
• State-dependent forgetting
– The mental or physical state you were in when
learning something, may be needed to be
reproduced to remember it again
• Emotional arousal, intoxication, mood
• Language in Italy, happy memories when feeling happy
• Mood-congruent memory effect can be vicious in the
negative direction
Psychogenic Amnesia
• Amnesia = inability to remember important
personal information (usually traumatic or
stressful)
• Reading…pgs 338-344
– Take notes on “Seven Basic Sins”