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Earthquake/Volcano Review Review #1 • Cause – Plates move together – Friction build up – Mantle melts • Effect – Collide – new landforms (mountains, volcanoes, trenches) – Slide – no new land – Separate – creates a ridge (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) #2 Risks • • • • • • Death Sinking/collapse of home Loss of possession Fire Structural damage Building cracks #3 Seismogram • Richmond: 10:10 – 10:11 • City farthest: Honolulu, because the pwave reached them much later than the first reading. • P-wave – – – – – #5 P-wave & S-wave Push/pull 1st vertical jump Travels fastest Through the body of the earth Cannot travel through solids, but can liquids • S-wave – – – – Side-to-side through the body of the earth Cannot travel through liquids or solids Most destructive • Surface wave – Side-to-side – Along the surface #8 Plate movement • Slide – Transform fault boundary • Collide – Convergent plate boundary • Separate – Divergent plate boundary #9 #10 Mountains • Plates collide – 2 of same densities – 2 continentals • Plates separate – Melted rock flows to surface & rises #11 What’s happening to the Plate • Mid-Atlantic Ridge – Separating plates • Himalayan Mtns. – colliding • Japan Trench – 2 different density plates are colliding – Oceanic sinking below a continental #12 San Andreas Fault • Sliding apart • Wallace creek is changing path • Why do earthquakes occur along a fault? – Force (friction) is building up & eventually ruptures (earthquake) #13 Layers of Earth #14 • Scientist know the inside of the earth is made of layers by the way earthquake waves move #15 Supercontinent • Continents looked like a giant puzzle • Fossils (plants/animals) found on separate continents • Lines along boundaries matched up What do scientists think caused this? Seafloor Spreading – which led to the Plate Tectonic Theory #1 & #2 Magma vs Lava • Magma is the molten rock beneath the earth’s surface; Intrusive Igneous rock • Lava is the magma that has reached the earth’s surface; Extrusive Igneous rock • It rises to the surface because of the pressure from expanding gasses, movement of the plates and convection in the mantle #4 Viscosity • Highly (more) viscous = slow moving lava • Lowly (less) viscous = fast/runny lava #6 Volcano Types • Composite – highly viscous, slow-moving lava; steep sided • Cinder cone – blew top; violent • Shield – lowly viscous, fast flowing lava; wide & flat #7 • Temperature and composition affect the viscosity of a liquid. • High temperatures create a lower viscosity liquid that will move faster. #8 Challenges • Risk factor • # of people at risk • # of possible deaths #9 Rocks Types of Igneous Rock Classification Texture Crystal Size Granite Intrusive Coarse Large Basalt Extrusive Fine Small Rhyolite Extrusive Fine Small and Large Gabbro Intrusive Coarse Peridotite Intrusive Coarse Minerals/ Color Quartz (white), Feldspar (light pink), Mica (black) Where in the Earth it’s found Continental crust Feldspar/Iron/Ma gnesium (black/gray), Olivine (green), Mica (black) Feldspar (light pink), Mica (black) Feldspar (black/gray), Olivine (green), Mica (black) Oceanic Crust Olivine (green) Earth’s mantle Continental Crust Oceanic Crust How it is formed Deep within the earth at or near colliding mountain building Along mid-ocean ridges as lava flows on the earth’s surface. Cooled quickly Near volcanoes that border trenches. Within the earth as large bodies or sheets of cooled intruding magma #11 Effects of volcanic eruptions • Constructive – new landforms, minerals to the soil, geothermal energy • Destructive – contamination; fires; destruction of property; death #14 • Earthquakes almost always occur before a volcano erupts because the movement of magma and pressure is about to be released by the volcano. #15 What You’ve Learned Type of Catastrophic Event Where it happens? Why it happened? Tornadoes Tornado Alley Warm, moist air rises from the gulf and meets cold, dry air from the Rockies and Canada head on. Hurricanes Tropical waters Warm, moist air rises over tropical waters Earthquakes Along plate boundaries Plates collide, slide & separate Volcanoes Readings • • • • • • • • • Earth’s Interior Colliding, Sliding & Separating Earthquakes & Faults Earth’s Moving Plates: A Look Back Using sonar to map Volcanoes: Help or Hindrance? Volcano Types Earth’s Waterworks Rock Cycle To Help study • NOTEBOOK – NOTES – LAB Conclusions – VOCAB