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Forces of Change By: Peyton Rollins and Emily Weed Volcanoes • An opening, or rupture, in a planet’s surface or crust, which allows hot magma, ash, and gases to escape from below the surface. By: Peyton Rollins Lo Ihi, Hawaii Environmental changes: Volcano erupts, lava flows, then hardens and becomes rock. By: Peyton Rollins Kilauea, Hawaii Environmental changes: Lava flows into the ocean and harden into molten rock. By: Peyton Rollins Earthquakes • An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves. By: Emily Weed Kobe, Japan Environmental changes: the earthquake destroyed major roads and bridges which made transportation difficult. By: Emily Weed Sichuan, China Environmental changes: A lot of the buildings were demolished which left debris all over the place. By: Emily Weed Water erosion • Erosion is the removal of solids (sediment, soil, and other particles) in the natural environment. It usually occurs due to transport by wind, water, or ice; by downslope creep of soil and other material under the force of gravity. Grand Canyon, Wyoming Environmental change: Wind, water and ice form canyons. By: Peyton Rollins Bryce Canyon, Utah Environmental change: Due to wind, water and ice erosion. These canyons were formed. By: Peyton Rollins Wind Erosion • The erosion, transportation, and deposition of topsoil by the wind North Central Iowa Environmental Changes: The wind picks up the topsoil off the ground and blows it away which decreases the crop’s nutrients. This causes many crops to die. By: Emily Weed Northern Germany Environmental changes: The crops have lost their nutrients because the wind blew away their topsoil. By: Emily Weed Physical weathering • Involves the breakdown of rocks and soil through direct contact with atmospheric conditions, such as heat, water, ice, and pressure By: Peyton Rollins Shippensburg, Pennsylvania Environmental change: This boulder went through physical weathering as the growing tree roots enlarged the fracture. By: Peyton Rollins Chemical Weathering • The weathering of a rock surface through chemical processes such as oxidation, solution, and hydrolysis. By: Emily Weed Alabama Hills,CA Environmental Changes: The rock has changed different colors due to chemical weatherings. By: Emily Weed Glacier Erosion • The movement of soil or rock from one point to another by the action of the moving ice of a glacier. Alaska Environmental Changes: It causes the land to change shape. Switzerland Environmental Changes: It makes the land become more flat and smooth.