Download A Living Planet

Chapter 2
Vocabulary
(break into pairs and look up the definitions for each
word)
• core
• mantle
• lava
• magma
• lithosphere
• seismograph
Vocabulary
• Richter Scale
• Ring of Fire
• epicenter
• mechanical weathering
• chemical weathering
• loess
• delta
Vocabulary
• hydrosphere
• continental shelf
• moraine
• continental drift
• lithosphere
• biosphere
• atmosphere
The Structure of the Earth
 Inside the Earth
 Core  center of made up of nickel and iron
 Mantle  surrounds the core; several layers; contains
most of the earth’s mass
 Magma  molten rock found in the mantle
 Crust  thin layer of rock at earth’s surface; magma
rises through the crust
The Structure of the Earth
 On and Above the Earth
- atmosphere  layer of gases surrounding the earth;
protects earth
- lithosphere  solid rock portion of earth; includes
crust and upper mantle
- hydrosphere  bodies of water in the atmosphere as
well as rain and precipitation
- biosphere  where plants and animals live
The Structure of Earth
 Continental Drift
 The theory that earth was once a supercontinent that
divided and slowly drifted apart over millions of years
 Called Pangea
 They drifted, crashed into each other and split apart
several times before settling in their current positions
Bodies of Water
 Ocean motion- three motions (1) currents, (2)
waves, (3) tides
 Helps distribute heat on the planet by wind blowing
over the ocean which is either heated or cooled by the
water then the winds blow over the land and moderate
the temperature over the land
• Hydrologic cycle- continuous circulation of water
• Lakes, rivers and streams
• Ground Water- water held in pores of rocks
Landforms
 Oceanic Landforms- landforms found on the sea floor
 Continental shelf is located here
 Continental Landforms- landforms found on the earth
 Relief the difference in elevation of a landform from
its lowest point to its highest point
(1) Mountains (2) hills (3) plains (4) plateaus
Activity
 Draw and color the hydrologic cycle
Internal Forces- shaping the
earth
 Tectonic plates- enormous pieces of the earth’s
lithosphere
 Plate movement (1) divergent boundary- plates move apart, spreads
horizontally
 (2) convergent boundary- plates collide, causing either
one plate to dive under the other or the edges of both
plates crumble
 (3) transform boundary- plates slide past one another
* Plate movement can cause a fault in the crust which is a
crack caused by pressure during plate movement.
Tectonic Plates
Internal Forces- shaping the
earth
 Earthquakes are measured with seismopgraphs which
measure the waves caused by an earthquake
 An earthquake is a sudden release of energy in the
form of motion
 Richter scale use info from seismographs to determine
the relative strength of an earthquake
 Tsunami is caused by an earthquake. It is a giant wave
that comes from the ocean and it can travel 450 miles
per hour with waves 50-100 feet high
 Tsunami’s can occur on shores which are extremely far
from the epicenter of an earthquake
Internal Forces- shaping the
earth
 Volcanoes- most volcanoes are found along the
tectonic plate boundaries; volcanic ash produces fertile
soil
 Magma flows out of the earth and spreads across and
area and cools. Once it reaches the earth’s surface, it is
called lava
 Lava can create a hill or mountain
 Volcanoes do not erupt on a predictable schedule
 Ring of Fire- a zone around the rim of the pacific
ocean (p. 37)
External Forces- shaping the
earth
 Weathering
 mechanical weathering
 chemical weathering
External Forces
 Erosion
 water erosion
 wind erosion
 glacial erosion
External Forces
 Building Soil
humus Soil factors:
 (1)- parent material
 (2)- relief
 (3)- organisms
 (4)- climate
 (5)- time
Practice
 Do page 47 #s 1-3 in the Geography Skills section