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Unit One Building Planet Earth Unit 1.1 Earth’s Beginnings How earth is built, seasons & time zone Unit 1.1: Earth’s Beginnings • One of smallest planets in solar system • Believed to have been made from BIG BANG or STEADYSTATE • Water covers 71% • about 4.6 billion years old Big Bang & Steady State Diagram Unit 1.1: Earth’s Beginnings • Accretion = dust particles + gasses + meteorites = plantesimals Accretion Diagram Unit 1.1: Earth’s Beginnings • DIFFERENTIATION = Heavy elements, iron & nickel center. Lighter elements, silicon, aluminum & magnesium crust. • Life started 3.5-3.8 billion yrs Differentiation Diagram A SIMPLIFIED HISTORY OF THE EARTH, NIGEL CALDER • ...Or we can depict Mother Earth as a lady of 46… Most of what we recognize on Earth, including all substantial animal life, is the product of the past six years of the lady's life…. Her continents were quite bare of life until she was getting on for 42 and flowering plants did not appear until she was 45- just one year ago. At that time, the great reptiles, including the dinosaurs, were her pets and the breakup of the last supercontinent was in progress. • The dinosaurs passed away eight months ago and the upstart mammals replaced them. In the middle of last week, in Africa, some man-like apes turned into apeIike men and at the weekend, Mother Earth began shivering with the latest series of ice ages… and about five minutes later Jesus was preaching on a hill farther along the fault line. Just one minute has passed, out of Mother Earth's 46 'years', since man began his industrial " revolution, three human lifetimes ago. During that time he has multiplied his numbers and skills prodigiously and ransacked the planet for metal and fuel. BBC video beginning of earth Unit 1.1: Earth’s Beginnings • Earth is in constant movement • 1st: galaxy is moving outward • 2nd: Milky Way is spinning • 3rd: earth revolves sun / yr • 4th: earth rotates sun / day Unit 1.1: Earth’s Beginnings • Coriolis Force = a curl of water/ air North right & South left toilet Coriolis Diagram Unit 1.1: Earth’s Beginnings • Time Zones 24 every 15 Longitude, changes date @ International Date Line (180) go to Asia ‘gain’ day Summer/ Winter Solstice & Spring/ Fall Equinox Diagram Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure Lithosphere, Mantle & Core Theory of Isostasy Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure 1st BODY Wave [travels in earth’s interior] {p.61 PE} – PRIMARY (P) liquid, solid, or gas fast wave – SECONDARY (S) only through solids 60% P wave Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure 2nd SURFACE Wave [travels on crust/ surface] – LONG / LOVE (L)Waves. Shake rock sideways. What different waves tell us Seismic refraction animation… show fast vs slow Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure Non-Solid Spheres Hydrosphere – unique, mostly liquid, 71% earth’s surface Water cycle hyperlink click on picture Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure Atmosphere: – Mostly nitrogen & O2 – 90% within 2 km from earth’s surface Earth’s Interior Diagram Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure LITHOSPHERE • Thin outer crust (±16 km thick) like skin on peach can crack, warp & buckle state of balance/ equilibrium • Ends at MOHOROVICIC DISCONTINUITY (Moho Line) Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure OCEANIC crust (about 5 km) – denser but thinner (tortilla) CONTINENTAL 32-64 km – thinner but less dense (bread) Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure MANTLE 2 parts: • ASTHENOSPHERE: upper part, plastic like (Playdough) crust moves on it Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure • MESOSPHERE: lower part. Solid. Big – From Moho ± 2900 km – Solid,very hot, less dense at top. Mantle convection current Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure • CORE/ Centrosphere From mantle (2900 km) to center (5800 km) – OUTER CORE: Liquid – INNER CORE: Solid (nife) Unit 1.2 Earth’s Structure Theory of Isostasy: Ocean (sima) crust all around earth continental (sial) crust floats. Adjust position (ie glaciers melt) like floating ice cubes {PE 82} Isostasy ground & glaciation animation Theory of Isostasy Diagram On mtn range animation Unit 1.3 Earth’s Crusts Rocks How rocks are formed: Igneous, Sedimentary & Metamorphic Rock Cycle & Fossil Fuels Unit 1.3: Earth’s Crust Rocks • ROCK= consolidated solid substance mixture of minerals • Loose sand = weathered rock • “parent” rock=main rock smaller piece once belonged to Unit 1.3: Earth’s Crust Rocks IGNEOUS • Formed from cooling MAGMA • Magma comes to surface as LAVA • Lava to surface through volcano or crack in earth’s crust Unit 1.3: Earth’s Crust Rocks • Since earth was once all molten/ all original rocks were igneous • Rate and character of cooling determined by depth cooling takes place Unit 1.3: Earth’s Crust Rocks SEDIMENTARY • rocks worn away (erosion) and carried else where. • by streams, ocean currents, wind & ice Unit 1.3: Earth’s Crust Rocks • SEDIMENT in bottom of lakes, seas, & land • found in STRATA • INORGANIC & Organic (Shells) ie Limestone • (fossils) Cross bed formation animation Unit 1.3: Earth’s Crust Rocks • Earth is slowly cooling causes outer skin to shrink = pressure & heat • Since metamorphic rocks have been compressed and baked, they are much harder than igneous or sedimentary (less likely to erode) Rock Cycle Diagram Unit 1.3: Earth’s Crust Rocks Rock Cycle Diagram! Rock Cycle Animation with mouse clicks to each part Unit 1.3: Rocks Memory Clues • MICHELANGELO ate SHELLS • which were bitter like LIMEStone • and after he was done he went and worked on his MARBLE statue Unit 1.3: Rocks Memory Clues FRED FLINSTONE lives in a CLAY • house and bowls just for the SHALE • of it! His boss is Mr SLATE! Unit 1.3: Rocks Memory Clues DAYS of our LIVES • SAND passes through the hour glass and the scorned woman throws a • sandSTONE at her misbehaving lover who wins her back by buying her a • QUARTZite watch so she doesn’t have to tell time through an hour glass any more! Unit 1.3: Rocks Memory Clues • BILL GATES is a powerful man with a deep • GRAVEL voice. He first bought a lot of companies and made them a CONGLOMERATE • and then he joined with more companies and made them a METACONGLOMERATE Unit 1.3: a special $edimentary formation • Fossil Fuels = dead plants & animals in water areas & covered with mud…didn’t decay but organic fluids. Layered upon = SEDIMENTARY • Liquids in traps/ reservoirs, solids in strata Unit 1.3: a special $edimentary formation • Coal (plant remains), Oil (organic fluids), Gas (organic gasses) • CARBON burnt connects with Oxygen = CO2 Fossil Fuel Diagram Unit 1.4: Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics How it was invented, by whom, & what it means Unit 1.4: Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics • Who Developed Idea? • Alfred Wegener (1915) developed Theory Continental Drift [motion of continental crust] • proposed a single supercontinent (Pangaea) • He said the pieces of the continent drifted (like eggshell) Break up of Pangaea animation Unit 1.4: Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics • But theory major holes died in 1930 very disappointed • Still, questions like: • Why did coastlines fit together? • Why similar Paleoclimatic (ice age) and fossil samples on different continents? • Why certain mountain ranges on different continents made from same things & time? Unit 1.4: Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics • When credible theory? • 1960s, advanced technology (WWII) map sea floor • Two land masses =. Gondwanaland &Laurasia • very slow / powerful convection currents in mantle pull land apart,. • AVERAGED 2-3 cm/ year Unit 1.4: Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics Evidence = • Magnetism • Mid-ocean ridges Origin of magnetic anomalies animation Unit 1.4: Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics • fossil • ice ages • coal swamps = hot/ wet climate & found in CND, Russia Unit 1.4: Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics • Continents “fit” • mountain ranges same age / materials Unit 1.4: Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics • Ocean floors young Evolution of a Divergent Plate Boundary animation Unit 1.4: Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics What is it? • Asthenosphere = plasticy • continents floating on it • Seven large plates Unit 1.4: Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics • Not all plate boundaries coincide with continents • Some plates only oceanic crust • Some plate have both crusts • PLATE movement = PLATE TECTONICS Unit 1.4: Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics • Plates can move apart, converge (oceanic with continental & continental with continental), slide past another Subduction Subduction/ convergence boundaries animation Convergent Animation – continent to continent collision strike-slip diagrams Mid-oceanic/ rift Divergent plate boundaries animation Unit 1.5: Faults & Folding & Volcanoes, oh my Unit 1.5: Faults • Rocks under pressure or tension fracture under strain. • rift (fault) formed = faulting • Faulting usually sedimentary strata (easier to break up but still keep in straight lines) STRAIGHT LINES!!!!!!!!!!!! Elastic rebound theory, making fault animation Unit 1.5: Faults • Tension = away • Compression = together BBC Video How Earthquakes Happen Diagrams= Normal Diagrams= Normal Diagrams= Normal Diagrams= Normal Diagrams= Normal Diagrams= Normal Diagrams= Normal Diagrams= Normal Diagrams= Normal Diagrams= Normal Reverse or Thrust Fault Reverse or Thrust Fault Reverse or Thrust Fault Reverse or Thrust Fault Reverse or Thrust Fault Reverse or Thrust Fault Reverse or Thrust Fault Reverse or Thrust Fault Reverse or Thrust Fault Reverse or Thrust Fault Reverse or Thrust Fault Reverse or Thrust Fault Types of Faults animation AND reverse Graben or Rift Valley Animation horst, graben normal A few more visuals (you’ll do on your sheet as questions) • How seismograph works Focus of earthquake animation Seismograph readings animation Unit 1.5: Folding • tangential (sideways) pressure = buckles the sediments into giant folds Bent NOT straight • folding VERY SLOW =exposed rocks being worn way the whole time… so while being pushed up, also being worn down. Unit 1.5: Folding Diagrams • Anticline/ Syncline • Inversion of Relief Pressures on Folding animation Recumbent fold Unit 1.5: Volcanoes WHAT IS IT? • transfer magma from one area to another • Many crustal weaknesses (BUT NOT ALWAYS!) BBC Volcano description Unit 1.5: Volcanoes • WHERE IS IT? • 2 great belts RING OF FIRE • MEDITERRANEAN SEA • EARTHQUAKES are generally associated • with the same regions of the world Unit 1.5: Volcanoes • NEGATIVES tremendous explosions (‘rock rain’) • [Mt Vesuvius (Pompeii) — 79CE rock fragments. Suffocated & • buried people in volcanic dust ] Unit 1.5: Volcanoes • flows of hot lava Unit 1.5: Volcanoes • NEGATIVES tsunamis • [Krakatau—1883 (dormant 200 yrs.) 3 months of small explosions/ earthquakes…then 4 huge • explosions heard 4800 km away! (broke windows 160 km away)] Formation of tsunami animation BBC video tsunami Unit 1.5: Volcanoes • NEGATIVES nuées ardentes • [Mount Pelée: 1902— dark cloud of hot gas & steam burst @ 1km/min… “burning cloud”…Town in flames (30000 killed in minutes)] • earthquakes Unit 1.5: Volcanoes POSITIVES • Soils—mineral rich create some of best farming possible • [Island of Java: 30 active volcanoes, new soil all the time… world’s most productive tropical area, Hawaii, Kenya] Unit 1.5: Volcanoes • POSITIVES • Tourism—see volcano, mtn scenes pretty, caldera lakes = water recreation [Hawaii] • Minerals Unit 1.5: Volcanoes • Intrusive • magma penetrates & does not reach surface hard in cracks and cavities (“intrudes” in rock = intrusive) • Not big notice on land, important lots of minerals in them! Diagram: Sill, Batholith, Laccolith, Caldera, Dyke = Volcanic neck, crater Unit 1.5: Volcanoes • Extrusive • magma flows to surface • When only small opening, lava/ rock fragments/ dust/ build into cone-shaped structure with opening at top… known as volcano Unit 1.5: Volcanoes • CINDER • ACID MAGMA… • Steep sides and small size • Neck often plugs (cools quick) Explosive nature Diagram Unit 1.5: Volcanoes • SHEILD • BASIC MAGMA… • Cools more slowly and large area large and gentle slopes • Low explosive Ocean to ocean convergent plate boundaries And OceanContinent Convergent Boundary (bottom page) Diagram Unit 1.5: Volcanoes • COMPOSITE • Alternate layers ash and lava • Lava = width/ cinder = height Diagram Explosion Mt St Helens Animation