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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST
NOTABLE DISASTERS
PERU
PART 4: VOLCANOES
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for
Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED
DISASTERS IN PERU
FLOODS
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE
AND COMMUNITIES
HIGH BENEFIT/COST
PROGRAMS FOR
BECOMING DISASTER
RESILIENT
WINDSTORMS
EARTHQUAKES
VOLCANOES
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Natural Phenomena that Cause
Disasters
Planet Earth’s
heat flow and
lithosphericmantle collisionzone
interactions
cause
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF 1,500
ACTIVE VOLCANOES
VOLCANOES
are awesome manifestations
of heat flowing as a result of
movement along faults
located in subduction zones
or
at hot spots (e.g., Hawaii and
Iceland).
VOLCANOES
• Peru is located in the heart of the
Andean mountain chain, which is an
unbroken series of high-mountain
peaks that stretch southward from
Columbia to Argentina.
VOLCANOES
• Peru has 16 of the “Ring of fire”
volcanoes; the most famous being: El
Misti volcano, Coropuna volcano,
Chachani volcano, Sabancaya volcano,
and Ubinas volcano.
• At present, Sabancaya and Ubinas are
the most active volcanoes in Peru,
producing significant eruptions in
1988-1994 and 2006-2008.
VOLCANOES
• The South American plate
exhibits some of the best
examples of continental-margin
magmatism found anywhere in
the world.
SOUTH AMERICAN MOUNTAIN
BUILDING
SOUTH AMERICAN VULCANISM
A DISASTER is ----- the set of failures that overwhelm the
capability of a community to respond
without external help when three
continuums: 1) people, 2) community
(i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and
social constructs), and 3) complex
events (e.g., volcanic eruptions, ,..)
intersect at a point in space and time.
Disasters are caused by
single- or multiple-event
natural hazards that, (for
various reasons), cause
extreme levels of mortality,
morbidity, homelessness,
joblessness, economic losses,
or environmental impacts.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is UNPREPARED for what will likely
happen
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• When it does happen, the
community LOSES the functions
of its buildings and infrastructure
at a time when they are needed
most.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community has NO DISASTER
PLANNING SCENARIO or
WARNING SYSTEM in place as a
strategic framework for concerted
local, national, regional, and
international actions.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community LACKS THE
CAPACITY TO RESPOND to
the full spectrum of expected
and unexpected emergency
situations.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is INEFFICIENT
during recovery and
reconstruction because it HAS
NOT LEARNED from either the
current experience or the
cumulative prior experiences.
TOWARDS VOLCANO
DISASTER RESILIENCE
ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE
RISK
HAZARDS
EXPOSURE
RISK
VULNERABILITY
LOCATION
VOLCANO RISK
• VOLCANO HAZARDS
•INVENTORY
•VULNERABILITY
•LOCATION
DATA BASES
AND INFORMATION
ACCEPTABLE RISK
RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
PERU’S
COMMUINITIES
VOLCANO DISASTER
RESILIENCE
POLICY OPTIONS
HAZARDS:
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
TSUNAMI RUN UP
AFTERSHOCKS
•PREPAREDNESS
•PROTECTION
•FORECASTS/SCENARIOS
•EMERGENCY RESPONSE
•RECOVERY and
RECONSTRUCTION
VOLCANO HAZARDS
(AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)
•
•
•
•
VERTICAL PLUME
ASH AND TEPHRA
LATERAL BLAST
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
VOLCANO HAZARDS
(AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)
• LAVA FLOWS
• LAHARS
• EARTHQUAKES (related to
movement of lava)
• “VOLCANIC WINTER”
CAUSES
OF RISK
LATERAL BLAST
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
FLYING DEBRIS
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
CASE HISTORIES
VOLCANIC ASH
LAVA FLOWS
LAHARS
TOXIC GASES
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT
DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL VOLCANOES
PREPAREDNESS
FOR THE LIKELY
HAZARDS (PDA’s)
IS ESSENTIAL
FOR DISASTER
RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT
DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL VOLCANOES
EARLY WARNING
IS ESSENTIAL
FOR
EVACUATION AND
DISASTER
RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT
DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL VOLCANOES
TIMELY
EMERGENCY
RESPONSE IS
ESSENTIAL FOR
DISASTER
RESILIENCE
LAST ERUPTIONS OF
PERU’S NOTABLE
VOLCANOES
COROPUNA: 11,000 YEARS AGO
CHACHANI: 11,000 YEARS AGO
EL MISTI: 1784
UBINAS:2006-2008
SABANCAYA: 1988-1994; 2013
PERU’S COROPUNA
PERU’S CHACHANI AND EL
MISTI
PERU’S EL MISTI: ASLEEP,
BUT A THREAT
PERU’S EL MISTI: APRIL 2007
Ubinas, which had its last
significant eruption in 2008,
is Peru’s most active
volcano.
PERU’S UBINAS VOLCANO:
2006
EVACUATION
• Nearby towns were evacuated
during the 2006 eruptions,
which killed livestock and
caused significant respiratory
and eye problems for
surrounding residents
PERU’S UBINAS VOLCANO
PERU’S UBINAS VOLCANO
PERU’S UBINAS VOLCANO
LOCATION OF UBINAS
VOLCANO
AREQUIPA: AT RISK
AREQUIPA: AT RISK
PERU’S SABANCAYA
Sabancaya is an active
5,976-metre (19,606 ft)
stratovolcano in the Andes
of southern Peru, about 100
km (62 mi) northwest of
Arequipa.
THUMBNAIL OF SABANCAYA’S
HISTORY
• In July 1986, after over 200
years of dormancy, satellites
detected an increase in thermal
emission, and intense volcanic
activity resumed in December.
THUMBNAIL OF SABANCAYA’S
HISTORY (Continued)
• Several eruptive cycles
occurred over the next two
years (1987-1988), producing a
lava dome in the crater.
THUMBNAIL OF SABANCAYA’S
HISTORY (Continued)
• The most sustained period of
activity began with explosive
eruptions (VEI 3) on May 28,
1990, and continued for over
eight years.
THUMBNAIL OF SABANCAYA’S
HISTORY (Continued)
• The eruptive cycle produced
more than 25 million cubic
meters of lava flows and tephra
during that period.
THUMBNAIL OF SABANCAYA’S
HISTORY (Continued)
• At the height of the activity in
1994, eruptions producing large
ash clouds occurred every two
hours.
THUMBNAIL OF SABANCAYA’S
HISTORY (Continued)
• A small eruption occurred on
February 23, 2013.
A SNAPSHOT IN TIME OF
VOLCANIC ACTIVITY: AUGUST 2009
THE MOST COMMON FLAWS EXPOSED
BY VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
• UN—PREPARED FOR WHAT HAPPENED
• UN---WARNED; NO EVACUATION
• UN---ABLE TO RESPOND
EFFECTIVELY; LIVES LOST
VOLCANO DISASTER
RESILIENCE STRATEGIES
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNITIES
• PURPOSE
• PROTECTION
• CONTROL
• AVIATION SAFETY
• TECHNIQUE
• DESIGN ROOFS
FOR WET ASH
• LAVA AND/OR
LAHAR DIVERSION
CHANNELS
• MODELS OF ASH
DISTRIBUTION
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR
BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT
• FORECASTS OF
ERUPTIONS
• MONITORING
TECHNOLOGIES (E.G.,
DEFORMATION,
SEISMICITY, GAS
EMISSIONS, REMOTE
SENSING, WINDS)
• WARNING SYSTEMS
• HISTORIC
DATABASES FOR
EACH VOLCANO
• COMPUTER MODELS
OF EACH VOLCANO
• HAZARD MAPS
• DISASTER
SCENARIOS
UBINAS VOLCANO HAZARD
ZONE MAP
MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
.
SATTELITE MONITORING CAN
PROVIDE EARLY WARNING
.
PERU’S NEXT VOLCANIC
ERUPTION IS INEVITABLE
• SO, INCLUDE THE
BEST POSSIBLE
”WHAT IF” PLANS
ABOUT THE NEXT
MOST LIKELY
ERUPTION