Download ESRT Review 2012

EARTH SCIENCE
REFERENCE
TABLES
REVIEW
Pages 1 - 16
Page 1
•Radioactive Decay Data
•Specific Heats of Common Materials
•Equations
•Properties of Water
•Average Chemical Composition of
Earth’s Crust, Hydrosphere, and
Troposphere
•Eurypterus remipes (NYS fossil)
Page 1
Eurypterus remipes
(NYS fossil)
Page 1
Page 1
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Page 2
Generalized Landscape Regions of
New York State
Landscape regions are
identified on the basis of their
similar surface characteristics
Page 2
Page 3
Generalized Bedrock Geology of
New York State
City locations, latitude and longitude,
geologic periods and eras, and rock
types in NYS are found on this page
Page 3
Page 4
Surface Ocean Currents
Ocean currents influence coastal climate patterns
Page 4
Page 5
Tectonic Plates
Crustal plate movement is caused by
convection currents due to unequal
heating of magma in the upper part of
the Earth’s mantle (asthenosphere)
Page 5
Page 6
Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust
Page 6
Page 6
Relationship of Transported Particle Size to
Water Velocity
This graph shows the velocity of a stream
compared to the size rock particle it can carry –
example: a pebble measuring 1.0cm in diameter
can travel in water flowing 50cm per second
Page 6
Page 6
Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification
Igneous rocks are formed by melting and
solidification of minerals.
Igneous rocks are identified by the size (fine
or coarse) and color (felsic or mafic) of their
mineral crystals.
Page 6
Page 7
Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification
Sedimentary rocks are formed by compaction
and cementation of minerals.
Sedimentary rocks are identified by the particle
texture (sediments, fossils) that forms them.
Page 7
Page 7
Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification
Metamorphic rocks are formed by intense heat
and/or pressure.
Metamorphic rocks are identified by the
arrangement of their mineral crystals.
Examples:
Foliated – crystals arranged in layers (banding)
Non-foliated – crystals not in layers (distorted)
Page 7
Pages 8 and 9
Geologic History of New York State
These two pages show the history of life on
Earth (including extinctions) and important
geologic events that have occurred in the past
(oceans and mountains forming, Pangaea
forming and breaking up, magma intrusion of
the Palisades sill, and the advance and retreat of
the last continental ice (glaciers)
Pages 8 and 9
Page 8
• Time units
• Life on Earth
• NY Rock Record
Page 9
• Time Distribution
of Fossils
• Important
Geologic Events in
New York
• Inferred Positions
of Earth’s
Landmasses
Page 10
Inferred Properties of Earth’s Interior
This page shows the four properties of the
Earth’s interior:
•
•
•
•
Depth
Temperature
Pressure
Density
As depth increases: temperature, pressure, and
density increase.
Page 10
•
•
•
•
Depth
Temperature
Pressure
Density
As depth increases:
temperature,
pressure, and
density increase.
Page 11
Earthquake P-wave and S-wave Travel Time
The graph on this page is used to determine the
distance an earthquake wave travels based on how
much time it takes for the earthquake P wave and
S wave to reach a seismic recording station.
You can also determine how long it takes for the
earthquake wave to travel if you know the
distance it traveled.
Page 11
Page 12
Dewpoint (oC)
This chart shows the dewpoint temperature
of the atmosphere based on the dry bulb
temperature (air temperature) and the
difference between the wet-bulb (humidity)
and the dry-bulb (air temperature). The
dewpoint temperature of the atmosphere is
the temperature at which the air molecules
condense and form liquid clouds.
Page 12
Page 12
Relative Humidity (%)
This chart shows the percent humidity in
the atmosphere. The higher the percent of
humidity, the more saturated the air is.
The more saturated the air is, the greater
the chance for precipitation.
High humidity = more cloud cover
Low humidity = less cloud cover
Page 12
Page 13
•Temperature (Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin)
•Pressure (millibars, inches)
•Key to Weather Map Symbols
•Station Model Explanation & Station Model
•Present Weather
•Air Masses
•Fronts
•Hurricane
Page 13
Page 13
Page 14
Selected Properties of Earth’s Atmosphere
The graph on this page shows how the
properties of the atmosphere change as
altitude (height above sea level) increases.
Temperature decreases, atmospheric
pressure decreases, and the amount of
water vapor in the atmosphere decreases as
you increase in altitude.
Page 14
Page 14
Planetary Wind and Moisture Belts
in the Troposphere
This diagram indicates the direction of the major
planetary winds on the Earth’s surface in the
troposphere. Winds are named for the direction
they come from. The direction of the arrows
indicate if the wind is converging (warm,
humid air rising and forming clouds) or diverging
  (cold, dry air sinking) at the Earth’s surface.
The moisture belts are indicated as wet or dry
depending if the air is converging or diverging.
Page 14
Page 14
Electromagnetic Spectrum
This chart shows the different types of
electromagnetic waves and their different
wavelengths. If the wavelength increases, storm
systems and stars are moving away from you
(red shift) and if the wavelength decreases
storm systems and stars are moving toward you
(blue shift).
Page 14
Red visible light (increasing wavelength)
Violet/blue visible light (decreasing wavelength)
Page 15
Luminosity and Temperature of Stars
This graph shows the characteristics of stars and
their life cycle from early stage through late stage
development. Luminosity is the brightness of a
star. The more massive a star is, the greater its
luminosity. Cooler stars are red stars and hotter
stars are blue stars. All stars begin on the Main
Sequence in the early stage as hot, massive, blue
stars, and move down the Main Sequence to
become a Supergiant or Giant Star, then eventually
a small, hot White Dwarf star. Eventually, they use
up all their gases and explode into a supernova.
Page 15
Page 15
Solar System Data
This chart shows the astronomical data related to
the celestial objects in our solar system, including
the Sun and Moon. All of the data indicated shows
the appropriate unit for each data value, except the
eccentricity of orbit which has no unit.
Size of the objects in our universe from largest to smallest
Universe  Galaxy  Solar System  Star  Planet  Moon
Page 15
Page 16
Properties of Common Minerals
This chart shows the four properties (tests) used to
identify minerals, which are described below:
• Luster – how the mineral reflects light
• Hardness – the resistance of a mineral to
scratching glass
• Cleavage/Fracture – how the mineral splits
• Distinguishing Characteristics (streak) – the
powder color of the mineral rubbed on a white
ceramic plate
Page 16
LAST AND MOST
IMPORTANT!!
DO NOT FORGET
TO USE YOUR
REFERENCE
TABLES!