Download Honors Marine Biology Module 3

Honors Marine Biology
Module 3
September 16, 2014
The First Four Kingdoms
Part 1
Class Challenge
Random Acts of Kindness
Next Week’s Challenge
Who can tell the best Joke
Today is Notebook Check
Through Module 2 to include all of your
homework, Module 1 and 2 Tests and Lab
book.
Wet Lab September 30
Location: South Lido Beach
When: Sept 30th 10:30am to 12:15pm
We will be leaving from school and returning to school.
What to bring: Your LAB BOOK AND PEN. Wear cloths
that could get wet. Sunscreen, towel, shoes that can get
wet.
Bring water bottle and your lunch so that you can eat on
your way back to class at 1:00pm
Homework
Any Questions??
Quiz # 4
Identify:
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
cellular organelles
Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
Classification of Living Things
Kingdom Monera
• Represents the least complex organisms
in creation.
• They are mind-bogglingly complex, they
are still as “simple” as life gets.
• Members of Kingdom Monera are
prokaryotes, so their cell structure is basic,
yet they play important roles in the ocean.
Kingdom Monera
•
Is mostly known as bacteria
Prokaryotic, single celled microscopic
organisms.
1. Single celled
2. Microscopic Organisms
3. Lacking nuclei or other organelles
Marine Bacteria
• Are mostly rod-shaped, and their plasma
membrane is surrounded by a cell wall.
• Even through they are very simplistic
organisms, they can execute almost all the
major chemical processes that more
complex organisms carry out.
Marine Bacteria
• Some have a few processes exclusive to their
own group.
• Some bacteria have the ability to survive in areas
that are deadly to most organisms, enduring
extreme temperatures, high altitudes, or harsh
chemicals.
• They are not primitive or undeveloped and are
actually have quite complex cellular processes.
Heterotrophic Bacteria
• Most bacteria cannot produce their own energy
to survive and therefore are heterotrophs, they
feed on other organic matter.
• Heterotropic bacteria obtain their food by
breaking down either the waste products of
other organisms or dead organic material.
• This bacteria is called decomposers.
Decomposers
• Organisms that break down dead organic
matter into smaller molecules.
• These decomposers are the recyclers of
the earth, obtaining the essential nutrients
from wastes or dead organisms and
processing them back into useable forms
for the rest of creation.
Decomposers are found
Everywhere in the Marine
Environment!
1. On Surfaces
2. In the water column
3. In the bottom sediment (most common)
Autotrophic Bacteria
•
This is bacteria that can produce their
own organic compounds.
• They are divided into two types:
1. Bacteria that can Photosynthesize
2. Bacteria that can Chemosynthesize
Photosynthesic Bacteria
1. They contain chlorophyll
and
2. Utilize light energy to manufacture
organic compounds.
Chemosynthesis Bacteria
• This bacteria use energy stored in
chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide,
ammonia or methane to produce their own
organic compounds.
• Chemosynthesis: The making of organic
material from inorganic substances using
chemical energy.
Cyanobacteria
• They are commonly called blue-green
algae, because they are a plant-like group
of photosynthetic bacteria.
• However, they are not true algae because
they are prokaryotic.
Cyanobacteria
• Their color comes from the green
chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis as
well as the bluish and reddish pigments in
their cells.
• Prokaryotes photosynthesize on the folded
membranes of their cell. Blue-green algae
do not have the chloroplasts found in
eukaryotic producers.
• Many of these cyanobacteria are
microscopic, but some can be seen with
the naked eye because they form long
strands or mats that float on top of the
water.
Cyanobacteria
• Is found nearly everywhere in creation.
They can withstand wide ranges of salinity
and temperature, so they inhabit many
different marine locations.
• They live on sea grasses and other small
organisms, mudflats, in intertidal areas
near shorelines as well as coral reefs.
Cyanobacteria
• In the warm water ocean’s surface,
cyanobacteria in under prime conditions to
multiply rapidly, producing dense
concentrations of individuals, and giving
the water a reddish color.
• Cyanobacteria are just one of the many
organisms that can change the ocean’s
color through overpopulation.
Red Tide
Cyanobacteria
• Some can remove nitrogen from the
atmosphere and use it in their metabolic
processes.
• One of the major inorganic nutrients
primary producers require in order to
survive is nitrogen.
Nitrogen Cycle
• The atmosphere contains 78% nitrogen as N2
gas, the preferred form for primary producers is
nitrate (NO3).
• These special cyanobacteria take atmospheric
nitrogen and transform it to something other
producers can use: NO3
• This is called Nitrogen Fixation and is very
important in the survival of other species.
Mr. Wilson’s Fish Tank
Nitrogen Cycle
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEyd7T
lyIJA
Kingdom Protista:
Unicellular Algae
• Simple organisms that live in the water
(both fresh and salt) and usually
photosynthesize.
• Algae are Eukaryotic, (their cells have
membrane bound organelles)
• Their colors vary depending on the
pigment – green, brown, and even red.
Algae
Do not have roots, stems or leaves.
They do not flower
Some have Flagella and swim
Range in size from one single cell to very
large multicellular organisms.
Phytoplankton
• Phyto means plant
• Plankton refers to floating
• Phytoplankton: Photosynthetic organisms
that drift in the water.
Diatoms
• Are extremely plentiful phytoplankton in
the oceans, especially in temperate
waters.
• Because of this, they are the greatest
producers of oxygen on the planet.
Dinoflagellates
• Like Diatoms, these organisms make up a
large group of single-celled phytoplankton.
• Like seaweeds and land plants, they have
a cell wall made mainly from cellulose, but
unlike seaweed and land plants, the cell
wall is used as armored plating.
• Most dinoflagellates have chlorphyl and
are photosynthetic, sometimes rivaling
diatoms as primary producers.
• During the right conditions, these
organisms can reproduce at a rapid rate,
resulting in dense concentrations of
individuals called a bloom.
Red Tide
• In the waters of Sarasota Bay, Red Tide is
produced by a dinoflagellates bloom.
• These dinoflagellates release toxic
substances when their hard exterior
breaks open. When there is a bloom this
toxin will result in the deaths of many
organism.
Experiment 3.1: Unicellular Algae
To Observe some unique features of
unicellular Algae.
Diatoms and dinoflagellates
Diatoms
are a major group of algae, and are among
the most common types of phytoplankton.
Most diatoms are unicellular.
Diatoms are single-celled photosynthetic
organisms. Their cell walls are composed
of two interlocking silica halves. These
sink to the ocean floor when diatoms die,
becoming part of the sediment. As they
stay preserved for years, fossil diatoms
are a valuable
record of past oceanic
environments.
Dinoflagellates
Dinoflagellates are unicellular protists which
exhibit a great diversity of form.
Dinoflagellates
• Many are photosynthetic, manufacturing
their own food using the energy from
sunlight, and providing a food source for
other organisms.
• Some species are capable of producing
their own light through bioluminescence,
which also makes fireflies glow. There are
some dinoflagellates which
are parasites on fish or on other protists.
Photosynthetic Dinoflagellates
Bioluminescence Dinoflagellates
A red tide is a “bloom” of a group of
phytoplankton called dinoflagellates. A “bloom”
occurs when a particular species of dinoflagellate
begins reproducing rapidly, resulting in millions of
cells in each gallon of water. Not all phytoplankton
species produce visible blooms. The
phytoplankton cells that cause a red tide contain
pigments for capturing
sunlight needed for
cell nourishment, growth,
and reproduction. These
pigments can give off a
reddish color in
the water
when enough
are present.
Over growth of Dinoflagellantes on
corals
Experiment 3.2: Marine
Protozoans
Most foraminiferans are aquatic, primarily marine,
and the majority of species live on or within the
seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number
of species known to be floaters in the water
column at various depths (plankton).
Foraminifera typically produce a test, or shell,
which can have either one or multiple chambers,
some becoming quite elaborate in structure.
marine microorganism called
a Foraminifera.
These Protists are more like animals because
they do not contain chloroplasts.
Instead they capture food with long, thin,
retractable pseudopodia that stream through
the pores in their shells.
This is a photo of a living planktonic foraminifera with its
psuedopodia radiating outward.
• Foraminifera typically have internal skeletons
made of calcium carbonate and composed of a
series of chambers arranged in a spiral.
Although many Foraminifera species live on the
ocean bottom, a few are planktonic and can be
very abundant. They are so abundant that when
their shells sink to the sea floor they create a
layer of calcareous ooze. Geologists study the
chemical composition of these shells, as well as
species distributions, to learn about past
climates.
Radiolarians
Radiolarians are part of the marine plankton.
They occur in all oceans.
Radiolarians
• With their glassy skeletons of often perfect
geometric form and symmetry, radiolarians
are among the most beautiful of all
protists.
Homework
• Read and Study Module 3 (p.66-73)
• Complete OYO: 3.1 to 3.6
• Study Guide Define: a – f and
Questions 2 – 10.
• Finish up Lab book drawings
• Quiz:
• Class Challenge: The best Joke