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Infection Control
Basic Principals of Infection
Control
How disease is transmitted and the main
ways to prevent transmission.
 Microorganisms are small living organisms
invisible to the naked eye
 Two types of microorganisms
1. Pathogens
2. Nonpathogens

What are microorganisms?
Microorganisms are small living organisms
invisible to the naked eye
 There are five classes of microorganisms
 Bacteria, protozoa, fungi, rickettsiae,
and viruses.
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Classifications of microorganisms

Bacteria –
cocci round MRSA, strepthroat
bacilli rods i.e. TB, pertussis, botulism
spirilla spirals i.e. syphilis, cholera
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Protozoa- one cell animal-like i.e. malaria

Fungi – plant-like organisms i.e. Yeasts,
molds i.e. Ringworm, thrush etc.
Microorganisms (cont.)

Rickettsiae- parasitic i.e. Lice, ticks, fleas

Viruses - cannot reproduce without a cell,
major risk to healthcare workers and are
blood borne:

Examples of viruses, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis B,
HIV.
Factors for Growth of Microorganisms
Most prefer warm, moist or wet, dark
environment i.e. the human body
 Oxygen needs vary
anaerobic no oxygen
aerobic
needs oxygen

Pathogenic microorganisms
Cause diseases in different ways
 produce poisons toxins
 allergic reactions
 attack and destroy the cells


antibiotics are effective against bacteria
not against viruses
Classes of Diseases and Infections
Endogenous
inside the body
i.e. tumors, congenital disorders
 Exogenous
outside the body
i.e. trauma, electric shock
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Classes of Diseases and Infections (cont)

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Nosocomial
acquired in healthcare facilities
i.e. Staph MRSA, pseudomonas
Opportunistic
infections that only affect the
immunosuppressed
i.e. Kaposi’s sarcoma, pneumocystis carnii
Chain of Infection
Causative agent (pathogen, bacteria,
virus)
 Reservoir (place to live) i.e. human
body.
 Portal of exit (the way the pathogen
escapes) i.e. urine, feces, secretions
 Mode of transmission (transmitted to
a reservoir or a host)
Direct or Indirect

Mode of Transmissions
Direct
person to person
sexual
contaminated hands
 Indirect
touching contaminated equipment
breathing droplets
insect bites

Chain of Infection (cont.)
Portal of Entry
a way to enter a new host or new
reservoir i.e. respiratory tract, breaks
in the skin etc.
 Susceptible Host
anyone who can contract the disease
weak immune systems
anyone with a breakdown in defense
mechanisms

Infectious Agent
Susceptible Host
Reservoir
Portal of Exit
Portal of Entry
Mode of Transmission
Ending the chain
Breaking the chain
Use aseptic technique
asepsis
Best is hand washing
 Levels or types of asepsis
antiseptics, disinfection, sterilization
Antiseptics used in healthcare alcohol
and betadine

Bacteria
One celled organism
 Multiply rapidly
 Classified by shape:

Cocci
Round or spherical in shape
 Types:
 Diplococci-occur in pairs-cause gonorrhea,
meningitis and pneumonia

Diplococci

Occur in pairs-cause gonorrhea,
meningitis and pneumonia
Streptococci
Occur in chains
 Cause-strep throat

Staphylococci
Occur in clusters or groups
 Most common pyogenic(pus producing)
 Cause- boils, wound infections and toxic
shock

Bacilli

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Rod shaped
Occur singly, pairs or in chains
Many have flagella which are threadlike projections that allow them
to move
Can form spores (thick walled capsules) when conditions for growth
are poor which make them DIFFICULT to kill!!!
Cause-tuberculosis, tetanus, pertussis (whopping cough)
Spirilla
Spiral or corkscrew in shape
 Cause-syphilis and cholera

Protozoa
One celled animal-like organisms
 Found in decayed materials and
contaminated water
 May have flagella
 Cause-malaria, trichomonas

Fungi
Simple plant-like organisms that live on
dead organic matter
 Yeast and molds are common forms
 Cause-ringworm, athletes foot, yeast
vaginitis and thrush

Rickettsiae
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Parasitic Microorganisms
Cannot live outside the cells of another living organism
Found in fleas, lice, ticks and mites
Transmitted to humans by the bites of these insects
Cause-Typhus Fever, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Viruses
Smallest microorganisms
 Cannot reproduce unless inside another
living cell
 Spread from human to human by blood or
other body secretions
 Resistant to many disinfectants and not
affected by antibiotics
 Cause-Common cold, measles,
chickenpox herpes, warts, influenza

3 Viruses of Major Concern
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Hepatitis B-transmitted by blood, serum and other body fluids-affects
the liver-has a vaccine
Hepatitis C-transmitted by blood and blood containing body fluids-no
symptoms or flu like symptoms-cause liver damage-vaccine being
developed
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome-caused by HIV virussuppresses immune system-no cure or vaccine