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Viruses Biology 11 McCallum Mr. GCO/SCO GCO: How are living things organized into groups for ease of study SCO: Describe and apply classification systems and nomenclatures used in species (214-1) GCO: Introduction to the diversity present among living things SCO: Describe the anatomy and physiology of a representative organism from each kingdom, including a representative virus (316-6) SCO: Analyze and explain the life cycle of a representative organism from each kingdom, including a representative virus (313-1) Introduction Virus is Latin for poison Do not fit the 6 kingdom model Have both living and non-living qualities Unlike all true organisms (even the most simple bacteria), viruses have no cellular structure No cell membrane No organelles (including ribosomes) Very small (measured in nm) relative to the size of a living cell Limits the amount of “information” they can carry 5000 influenza viruses can fit on the head of a pin Introduction (continued) Do not require energy – or carry out other common life processes such as growth, respiration, and metabolism Cannot “survive” on their own Lifeless outside of cell, carrying out no functions. Need a living cell in order to replicate copies of itself (require host cell machinery) Once within cell – replicates (using RNA/DNA information it carries). Highly selective and specific Antibiotics do not harm viruses Why we don’t treat the flu (Influenza virus) Resistance Examples Measles Cold Sores Common Cold Influenza Polio The Mumps Smallpox What does a virus look like? Made up of proteins, genetic material, and sometimes lipids. Capsid: Protein coat (outer shell) that surrounds/encloses the genetic material (RNA or DNA – single or double stranded). 95% of virus make-up Dictates shape Core: Nucleic acid core under the capsid surrounding the genetic material. Envelope: An additional covering on the outside of some viruses. Lipid bilayer with embedded proteins i.e. HIV (AIDS) Classification Usually classified by the type of organism they infect a) Tobacco mosaic virus – infects plants b) Adenoviruses – infect animals c) Influenza Viruses – infect animals d) Bacteriophages – infect bacteria