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Manipulating the Genome 6.4 Recombinant DNA • genetic information from different organisms can be combined, forming recombinant DNA Restriction Enzymes GMOs • bacteria that produce human insulin • tomatoes with fish antifreeze gene • goats that produce spider silk in their milk • Bt corn with bacterial gene that produces insecticide Gene Therapy 6.5 Gene Therapy • attempt to “fix” a genetic defect through the addition of normal gene or repair of the defective gene • use of viruses as vectors Difficulties… • many treatments necessary to have sustained effect • can’t control placement of inserted gene • immune system may attack cells • virus may cause disease • many diseases are caused by more than one gene etc… Setbacks… • some patients have died during trials • some patients developed leukemia Successes… • successful gene therapy in dogs for blindness, in mice for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and in guinea pigs for hearing loss • some patients with congenital blindness have had their vision almost completely restored