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SC235
Unit Nine
Dr. Angela M. Foster
[email protected]
AIM: [email protected]
Image credits: Microsoft Clip Art
Genetic Engineering
The simple addition,
deletion, or manipulation
of a single trait in an
organism to create a
desired change.
Genetic Engineering
Gene splicing, gene
cloning, molecular
cloning.
Process cutting a gene
out of a DNA strand and
inserting the gene into
another DNA strand.
Transgenic Organisms
• Organisms altered by genetic engineering.
• Genetic material changed by other than random
natural breeding.
• Gene transfer-moving a gene from one organism to
another.
• These require skill and knowledge to be carried out
properly.
Genetic Engineering
Genetic material can be
shared across scientific
kingdoms.
Food plants engineered by
bacteria produce human
proteins.
Potential is virtually endless.
Transgenic Organisms
GMO- genetically modified organism
GMO free food – product in which no transgenic
materials were used in its manufacture, such
as soybeans used in making oils.
GEO – genetically enhanced organism
Agriculture
Plants transformed –
insect, disease, and
herbicide resistant.
Animals treated
engineered hormones –
produce more milk,
leaner meat.
What is Genetic Engineering?
Genetic engineering is a modern form of biotechnology - a broad
term describing processes such as cross-breeding, plant
hybridization and fermentation.
While biotechnology has been used by humans for thousands of
years, genetic engineering is a relatively new and rapidly
developing technology that is raising public concern.
Genetic engineering focuses on the manipulation (blocking,
adding, or scrambling) of the genetic material (the DNA)
inside the cells of living organisms to block or add desired
traits.
http://www.mcvitamins.com/genetically_engineered_foods.htm
Examples of Genetic Engineering
Anti-sense technology: A gene controlling a trait is
blocked. Example tomato with delayed ripening for fresher
flavor.
Recombinant DNA: microorganism to plant: Transfer of genetic
material from a bacterium into cells of plants. Example: Insect
resistant corn plants and pesticide resistant soybeans.
Recombinant DNA: human to animal: Human genes inserted into
pigs to produce human hemoglobin.
Recombinant DNA: animal to plant: Fish genes inserted into
plants to increase tolerance to cold.
.
http://www.mcvitamins.com/genetically_engineered_foods.htm
Why use Genetic Engineering?
Proponents of genetic engineering claim many
potential benefits of this new technology. Current
medical applications include genetically engineered
human insulin, human growth hormone, gene
probes to detect genetic diseases, and Hepatitis B
vaccine. Genetic engineering shows the greatest
promise for a HIV vaccine too!
http://www.mcvitamins.com/genetically_engineered_foods.htm
Why use Genetic Engineering?
The promised benefits of genetically engineered food production include:
Reduced use of pesticides
Reduced use of herbicides
Reduced use of fertilizers
Enhanced nutrition
Drought resistance
Better appearance
Longer shelf-life
Better flavor
Temperature resistance
Disease resistance
Increase in food supply. Decrease in world hunger.
http://www.mcvitamins.com/genetically_engineered_foods.htm
What are the potential risks of
genetic engineered foods?
Opponents of genetic engineering raise concerns
about the safety and ethics of creating novel
organisms as well as the impact that genetic
engineering will have on the environment
http://www.mcvitamins.com/genetically_engineered_foods.htm
What are the potential risks of
genetic engineered foods?
Specific concerns include:
Lack of long term studies on food safety.
Lack of long term studies on environmental impact.
Diminished opportunity for organic/sustainable agriculture
Potential risk of rendering Bacillius thuringiensis (Bt), a natural biological
pesticide, useless due to widespread use of Bt-engineered crops.
Potential life threatening danger for individuals with food allergies or
sensitivities who might unknowingly ingest altered foods to which they are
allergic, sensitive, or intolerant.
New genetic structure of foods might result in new allergens.
http://www.mcvitamins.com/genetically_engineered_foods.htm
What are the potential risks of
genetic engineered foods?
Toxicity levels of naturally occurring food toxins might result in new allergens.
Toxicity levels of naturally occurring food toxins might inadvertently be
altered.
Cruelty to animals.
Unacceptability of creating novel organisms that would not occur through
traditional means of reproduction (crossing plants and animals or
unrelated species of animals).
Environmental damage due to cross pollination and disturbed ecosystems.
Pesticide tolerance.
Herbicide tolerance
Ethical and spiritual concerns.
http://www.mcvitamins.com/genetically_engineered_foods.htm
What food products have been or are being
developed with genetic engineering?
Milk and other dairy products from cows administered rBGH, a genetically
engineered growth hormone.
Soybean, tomato, corn, and canola plants that
withstand herbicide application.
Corn, tomatoes & potatoes with built in pesticides.
Potatoes, tomatoes, cantaloupe, squash, cucumber, corn, canola, soybeans &
grapes manipulated to resist plant viruses.
Peppers and tomatoes engineered to resist plant fungi
http://www.mcvitamins.com/genetically_engineered_foods.htm
What food products have been or are being
developed with genetic engineering?
Corn, sunflower, and soybeans engineered to contain altered levels of
nutrients.
Canola and peanuts with altered lipid profiles.
Coffee beans with altered caffeine content.
Potatoes that absorb less oil when fried.
Corn and peas engineered for a prolonged shelf life.
Various enzymes used to make beer, wind, fruit juice, sugar, oil, baked goods
and more.
Genetically engineered rennet for making cheese.
http://www.mcvitamins.com/genetically_engineered_foods.htm
Is there any way to know if our food has been
genetically altered?
Not unless a labeling system is adopted.
Currently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not
require labeling of genetically engineered foods except when:
The new genetically engineered food is nutritionally
different from the non-genetically engineered
versions.
The characteristics of the food differ significantly
from what is normally expected (e.g., the
introduction of allergens or toxins).
http://www.mcvitamins.com/genetically_engineered_foods.htm
Examples of GMO – Bacteria
GMO Bacteria are used to
produce the protein insulin
to treat diabetes.
Similar bacteria have been used
to produce clotting factors to
treat hemophilia.
Human growth hormone to
treat various forms of
dwarfism.
Example GMO – Animals
Mosquitoes
In 2010, scientists created "malaria-resistant
mosquitoes" in the laboratory. The World Health
Organization estimated that Malaria killed almost
one million people in 2008.
Unit 9: Discussion Board – Cloning!
Image credit: Associated Press
Project Five – Due September 6th
No Late Assignments Accepted!
Must be an ESSAY!
APA Title Page, APA Reference Page
Must have an introduction, body, and conclusion – ALL APA!
Must answer ALL of the questions from the assignment.
Library does not have Super
Search so just do regular search or Google.
Minimum of 1500 words!
My last Kaplan seminar!
Image credits: Microsoft Clip Art
Image credits: Microsoft Clip Art
Questions?
Image credits: Microsoft Clip Art