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The Wonderful World of Microbes Bacteria & Viruses Chapter 19 By the end of this lesson, you wil be able to: Distinguish between the two Prokaryote Domains Describe the diversity among prokaryotes Explain the influence bacteria have on our world Describe viral composition and diversity Explain the two viral life cycles Answer if viruses should be considered living or not Two Prokaryotic Domains: 1) Bacteria - members of Eubacteria Kingdom o o 2) Live everywhere - saltwater, freshwater, land, inside other organisms Surrounded by a cell wall with peptidoglycan Archaea - members of the Archaebacteria Kingdom o o o DNA more similar to eukaryotes (eukaryotic ancestors) No peptidoglycan in their cell walls Live in harsh environments o o o Oxygen free - methanogens Hot - thermophiles Salty - halophiles Basic Bacterial Structure: QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. But there are many different types… QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Prokaryotic Diversity: Shape Spiral-shaped Rod-shaped Spherical-shaped QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Prokaryotic Diversity: Cell Walls 2 types of cell walls QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Gram positive - Thick wall of peptidoglycan holds the stain Gram negative - Inner, thin peptidoglycan does not hold the stain Prokaryotic Diversity: QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Movement Types 1) No movement 2) Flagella methods 3) Spiral forward 4) Slime secretions Prokaryotic Diversity: Energy Obtainment 1) Autotrophs 1) 2) QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. 2) Photoautotroph Chemoautotroph Heterotrophs 1) 2) Chemoheterotrophs Photoheterotrophs Prokaryotic Diversity: Energy Release 1) Obligate aerobe 1) 2) QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Obligate anaerobe 1) 3) Poisoned by Oxygen Facultative anaerobe 1) E. coli Require Oxygen Survive either with or without Oxygen Prokaryotic Diversity Growth and Reproduction Methods Binary Fission 2) Conjugation 3) Spore formation 1) QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Conjugation & Spore formation: QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Their role in our world: QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor QuickTime™ and a Producers - base of food web Decomposers - recycle nutrients Nitrogen fixers - change gaseous Nitrogen (N2) into a form that plants can use and take up Human Uses for bacteria QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Sewage and petroleum (oil) breakdown Produce fertilizers Make drugs Produce vitamins in our intestines Make foods and beverages QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. What do you see? What do you think this is??? QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Does this view help? How do you think it works? QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Homework: 19-1 worksheet Read & vocab on 19-2 The Other Microbes.... VIRUSES But are they are really???? What does it mean to be a microbe? Viral Basics: Disease-causing particles Contain nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) “Trick”s host cell in allowing it to bind to it, invade, and replicate Uses the host cell’s system to replicate and then destroys it Tobacco Mosaic Virus Well known Plant virus Uses the tobacco plant as its host Studied in 1935, by Wendell Stanley QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Viral Structure QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Lysogenic Infection QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Lytic Infections QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Retrovirus Contain RNA instead of DNA Remain dormant for a length of time Their RNA is copied into DNA in the host cell Responsible for AIDS and some types of cancer QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. AIDS Virus QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. So should they be considered living???? Characteristic Reproduce? Contain nucleic acid? Grow and develop? Use energy? Respond to environment? Change over time??? Yes or No??? Diseases & Humans Pathogens - disease causing; bacteria and viruses HOW DO THEY DO THIS??? 1) 2) Viruses: Attack and destroy body cells Bacteria: 1) 2) Damages cells and tissues by breaking them down for food Release toxins into the body What do we do??? Viruses - AIDS, cold, hepatitus, West Nile, flu… Vaccines Anitviral drugs Bacteria - Tuberculosis, Strep throat, tooth decay… Vaccines Antibiotics Disinfectants, sterilization or food processing Viruses for thought…. Do you think they evolved before or after cells? Why? How do they affect life? Viroids - Disease causing RNA molecules Prions - Disease causing proteins