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Carbohydrates AP Biology CH2OH H O H OH H H OH HO H OH Carbohydrates energy molecules AP Biology 2006-2007 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate CH2O (CH22O) O)xx C66H12 O (CH 12 66 Function: energy raw materials materials energy storage structural Monomer: sugars ex: sugars, starches, cellulose AP Biology sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar Sugars Most names for sugars end in -ose Classified by number of carbons 6C = hexose (glucose) 5C = pentose (ribose) 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde) CH2OH H O H OH 6H HO H AP Biology OH Glucose H CH2OH OH C O H HO H 5 OH O H HO H Ribose H H H C OH C 3OH H Glyceraldehyde Simple & complex sugars Monosaccharides simple 1 monomer sugars glucose Disaccharides 2 monomers sucrose Polysaccharides large polymers starch AP Biology QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. CH2OH H O H OH H H OH HO Glucose H OH Building sugars Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides | glucose AP Biology H2O | glucose disaccharide | maltose glycosidic linkage Building sugars Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides | glucose AP Biology H2O | fructose Let’s go to the videotape! disaccharide | sucrose (table sugar) QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Polysaccharides Polymers of sugars costs little energy to build easily reversible = release energy Function: energy storage starch (plants) glycogen (animals) in liver & muscles structure cellulose (plants) chitin (arthropods & fungi) AP Biology QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Linear vs. branched polysaccharides slow release starch (plant) energy storage glycogen (animal) AP Biology fast release Polysaccharide diversity Molecular structure determines function in starch in cellulose isomers of glucose structure determines function… AP Biology Digesting starch vs. cellulose starch easy to digest enzyme cellulose hard to digest enzyme AP Biology Cellulose Most abundant organic compound on Earth herbivores have evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose most carnivores have not that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients cellulose = undigestible roughage AP Biology Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet Regents Biology Helpful bacteria How can herbivores digest cellulose so well? BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals a dna ™emiTkciuQ rosserpmoced )desserpmocnU( F FIT .erutcip siht ees ot dedeen era Caprophage Ruminants Regents Biology