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Download Classification - WHS-Biology-CP
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Classification College Biology, Ch. 15 Taxonomy • Used by scientist to classify organisms • Assigns each organism a universal name • Binomial Nomenclature – 2 part scientific name Carolus Linnaeus • Father of Taxonomy • Systema Naturae (1758) – 7 level hierarchical system • • • • • • • Kingdom (Plantae & Animalia) Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Classification of Humans • • • • • • • Kingdom- Animalia Phylum- Chordata Class- Mammalia Order- Primates Family- Hominidae Genus- Homo Species- sapiens Phylogeny • Evolutionary relationship among organisms (Darwin’s descent with modification) • Grouped into categories that represent evolutionary descent not just physical similarities Cladistic analysis • Identifies and considers only those characteristics of organisms that are evolutionary innovations • Cladogram – Diagram that shows relationships among a group of organisms – Helpful to show one lineage branching from another DNA & RNA & clocks • Similarities at the molecular level (DNA) can be used for classification and evolutionary relationships • Molecular clocks use DNA to estimate the length of time that 2 species have been evolving independently Robert Wittaker • Restructured Linnaeus’s system • 5 kingdoms – – – – – Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia System since 1990 • • • • • • Eubacteria (Monera) Archaebacteria (Monera) Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia 3-Domain System • Eukarya – Unicellular or multicellular, eukaryotic – Protists, fungi, plants & animals • Bacteria – Unicellular, prokaryotic, thick rigid cell walls around membrane, peptidoglycan – Eubacteria • Archaea – Unicellular, prokaryotic, harsh environments, survive only in absence of oxygen – Archaebacteria Kingdom Eubacteria • Prokaryotes • Singled celled organisms • Heterotroph or Autotroph • Bacteria Kingdom Archaebacteria • • • • • Prokaryotes Singled celled organisms Heterotroph or Autotroph Doesn’t contain peptidoglycan extremophiles Kingdom Protista • Eukaryotes • Single celled organisms mostly, some colonial and some multicellular • Heterotroph or Autotroph • Paramecium, Amoeba, Euglena Kingdom Fungi • Eukaryotes • Multi-cellular organisms mostly, some unicellular • Heterotrophs – decomposers • Cell wall contains chiton • Mushrooms, yeast Kingdom Plantae • • • • • Eukaryotes Multi-cellular organisms Autotrophs Cell wall contains cellulose Tulips, Oak trees, ferns, Blackberry bushes Kingdom Animalia • • • • • Eukaryotes Multi-cellular organisms Heterotrophs No cell walls Birds, worm, sponges, reptiles, amphibians, humans
