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Monera Bacteria are of immense importance because of their rapid growth, reproduction, and mutation rates, as well as, their ability to exist under adverse conditions. The oldest fossils known, nearly 3.5 billion years old, are fossils of bacteria-like organisms. Bacteria can be autotrophs or hetertrophs. Bacteria classified as heterotrophs derive energy from breaking down complex organic compounds in the environment, as well as those that live as parasites, absorbing nutrients from living organisms. Depending on the species, bacteria can be aerobic which means they require oxygen to live or anaerobic which means oxygen is deadly to them. Green patches are green sulfur bacteria. The rust patches are colonies of purple non sulfur bacteria. The red patches are purple sulfur bacteria. Bacteria are often maligned as the causes of human and animal disease. However, certain bacteria, the actinomycetes, produce antibiotics such as streptomycin and nocardicin. Other Bacteria live symbiotically in the guts of animals or elsewhere in their bodies. For example, bacteria in your gut produce vitamin K which is essential to blood clot formation. Still other Bacteria live on the roots of certain plants, converting nitrogen into a usable form. Bacteria put the tang in yogurt and the sour in sourdough bread. Saprobes help to break down dead organic matter. Bacteria make up the base of the food webs in many environments. Streptococcus thermophilus in yogurt Bacteria are prokaryotic and unicellular. Bacteria have cell walls. Bacteria have circular DNA called plasmids Bacteria can be anaerobes or aerobes. Bacteria are heterotrophs or autotrophs. Bacteria are awesome! Shapes of Bacteria Penicillin, an antibiotic, comes from molds of the genus Penicillium Notice the area of inhibition around the Penicillium. Penicillin kills bacteria by making holes in their cell walls. Unfortunately, many bacteria have developed resistance to this antibiotic.