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Transcript
PART I Chapter 18 Archaebacteria & Eubacteria Phylogeny Characteristics • • • • • First living evidence of life on earth Unicellular Prokaryotes (No membrane-bound organelles) Cell wall with internal plasma membrane Found everywhere Bacteria Bacteria Structures • Cell wall – provides support and protection to the cell • Plasma membrane – flexible, selectively permeable boundary that controls what enters and leaves the cell • Cytoplasm – semi-fluid material inside the cell’s plasma membrane • Ribosome – organelle that helps to manufacture proteins • DNA - stores and communicates genetic information for the cell Bacteria Structures • Pilus/pili - hairlike protrusion – to stick to surfaces – a bridge for sexual reproduction • Flagellum - long, whiplike protrusion, for moving • Capsule - sticky layers around cell wall • Toxin - a powerful poison • Endospore – found in some bacteria - resists harsh environments Flagella Capsules Endospores Endospores Classification: Three Basic Shapes Cocci Spheres Bacilli Rods Spirilli Spiral Classification: • Gram stain – Cell wall type • Thick – Purple Stain = “Gram Positive” • Thin - Pink Stain = “Gram Negative” Growth Patterns Diplo- pairs Staphylo- clusters Strepto- chains Streptococci Pneumonia PART II Chapter 18 Archaebacteria & Eubacteria Archaebacteria – ancient bacteria Methanogens Halophiles Acidophiles: Live in: Live in: Salt water Live in: Hot, acidic water Oxygen-free environment Produce methane gas Eubacteria - “True” bacteria Live in more habitable environments Heterotrophs Photosynthetic Autotrophs Saprophytes (decomposers) Need sunlight to make food Chemosynthetic Autotrophs Need sulfur & nitrogen to make food Parasites (cause disease) Example: Cyanobacteria Nitrogen fixation (FIX the nitrogen) Cyanobacteria - “blue-green bacteria” Algae + Bacteria Sulfur Bacteria Beneficial Bacteria • Nitrogen fixation – Converts nitrogen into ammonia – a form that plants can use • Nodules – A symbiotic relationship between bacteria and plants (Beneficial Bacteria) Saprophytes (decomposers) – Breaks down dead organisms and decaying matter – Returns nutrients to soil (Beneficial Bacteria) Make food: – – – – – Cheese Pickles Yogurt Vinegar Sauerkraut Cellular Respiration Obligate Aerobes Obligate Anaerobes Need Oxygen Die from Oxygen Pathogenic Bacteria – disease-causing bacteria • Pathogen – an organism that causes disease • Produce toxins • Damage host’s tissues • Enter through openings in body (via air, food, water) Antibiotics: ~ Destroys cell wall of bacteria ~ Creates holes in the cell walls Sir Alexander Fleming 1928 - discovered Penicillium notatum Air-Born Air-Born Bacteria Reproduction Asexual • Binary Fission – Cell division • Rapid - 20 min. Sexual • Conjugation – exchange genetic material • Pili/pilus - bridge Binary Fission: Asexual Reproduction Conjugation - Sexual Reproduction