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Classification to group ideas, information, or objects based on similarities Classifying: _______________________________________ _________________________________________________ the science of grouping and naming organisms Taxonomy: ________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Aristotle: _________________________________________ the first to classify living things into 2 kingdoms: plants and animals _________________________________________________ came up with a two-word naming system called Carolus Linnaeus: __________________________________ binomial nomenclature _________________________________________________ Binomial Nomenclature: a 2-name system where organisms are Genus species called by their __________ and ______________ names. housecat Ex: Felis catus is a ___________________. Kingdom Phylum Today’s classification system has 7 groups: ________________, _________________, Class Order Family Genus _______________, __________________, __________________, ______________, species and __________________. Organisms are divided into ____ 6 Kingdoms: ___________________, Archaebacteria _______________, Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia _________________, _______________, _______________, and _________________. a tool used to identify organisms by going through a series of Dichotomous Key: ______________________________________________________ steps with 2 descriptions at each step _____________________________________________________________________ ***You must always start with the ____________ first pair of descriptions! Latin Reasons for using Scientific Names (usually based on ________________ or Greek ________________ words): communication errors 1. To avoid ______________________ __________________ due to common names referring to different organisms. descriptive __________________ information 2. To give ________________ about the organism. organize 3. To _________________ and easily find ________________ information about an organism. Characteristics of Organisms in the 6 Kingdoms prokaryotic I. Archebacteria and Eubacteria – The members of these 2 kingdoms are ________________ membrane-covered organelles meaning that they have no __________________________ __________________. smaller Cells in these 2 kingdoms are __________________ than cells in the other 4 chromosome kingdoms. They have a single, circular _____________________ and a __________ cell wall cocci ____________. They come in 3 basic shapes: _______________ (spherical), __________________ bacilli (rod-shaped), and ____________________ spirilla (spiral-shaped). Most binary fission reproduce by _________________ _________________. Some bacteria survive in endospores harsh conditions by becoming _____________________ when they grow a thick, protective _____________________. Endospores can survive ________________, membrane freezing boiling extremely dry ______________________, and ________________ _________ environments. Some bacteria can move through liquids using ______________________. flagella II. Eubacteria – These are classified by the way they get _____________. food Many are decomposers parasites _______________, breaking down dead organisms. Others are __________________, living obtaining food from other _________________ organisms. Still others are producers cyanobacteria ________________________, called ____________________, which make their own photosynthesis food in the process of ______________________________, which is carbon dioxide water sunlight glucose oxygen ________________ + _____________ + ______________ ___________ + ________. III. Archebacteria – These bacteria live in _________________ extreme _____________________ environments Yellowstone National Park such as the hot springs in ____________________ _______________ _____________ Antarctica cell walls and in the ice in ______________________. Their ___________ ___________ are chemically different than those of _______________________, or they may not have Eubacteria methane makers heat them at all. The 3 kinds are ______________ _______________, ___________ _______________, lovers and _______________ salt _________________. lovers IV. Uses for Bacteria A. Since bacteria break down substances, they can change some of the food we eat. milk cheese Yogurt is made by the bacterial breakdown of _____________, as is ____________. Sauerkraut is made from _______________ and a bacterial culture. Vinegar is made cabbage grape juice from the bacterial decomposition of ___________ ______________. medicines B. Bacteria are also used to make _________________, cleansers, and other products. oil spills They are also used to clean up ________ _____________. C. Nature uses bacteria to clean up ____________ dead organisms. These bacteria are called saprophytes _______________________ because they decompose dead plants and animals and recycle the nutrients so other organisms can use them. Without bacteria, there would layers be ______________ of dead organisms spread all over the Earth. nitrogen D. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria change the ______________ in the air into a usable form for plants and animals. E. Many bacteria are _________________, pathogens which means they cause disease. anthrax diptheria Some diseases caused by bacteria are: _____________, _________________, tetanus whooping cough Lymes _________________, ______________ ____________, _____________ strep throat _______________, and ________________ ________________. These diseases disease antibiotics are treated with _______________________ which kill bacteria, some by preventing cell walls the bacteria from making their _________ __________ (Ex: penicillin). Some toxin bacteria produce a ______________ which is poisonous (Ex: botulism, a form of food poisoning ____________ ________________). Harmful bacteria can be killed through pasteurization ____________________, which heats food up to a high temperature milk fruit juices (as in ____________ and ___________ ____________). Draw the 3 shapes of bacteria below and label them with their name and shape. Cocci - spherical Bacilli – rod-shaped Spirilla – spiral shaped Classification Classifying: _______________________________________ _________________________________________________ Taxonomy: ________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Aristotle: _________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Carolus Linnaeus: __________________________________ _________________________________________________ Binomial Nomenclature: a 2-name system where organisms are called by their __________ and ______________ names. Ex: Felis catus is a ___________________. Today’s classification system has 7 groups: ________________, _________________, _______________, __________________, __________________, ______________, and __________________. Organisms are divided into ____ Kingdoms: ___________________, _______________, _________________, _______________, _______________, and _________________. Dichotomous Key: ______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ***You must always start with the ____________ pair of descriptions! Reasons for using Scientific Names (usually based on ________________ or ________________ words): 1. To avoid ______________________ __________________ due to common names referring to different organisms. 2. To give ________________ __________________ about the organism. 3. To _________________ and easily find ________________ about an organism. Characteristics of Organisms in the 6 Kingdoms I. Archebacteria and Eubacteria – The members of these 2 kingdoms are ________________ meaning that they have no __________________________ __________________. Cells in these 2 kingdoms are __________________ than cells in the other 4 kingdoms. They have a single, circular _____________________ and a __________ ____________. They come in 3 basic shapes: _______________ (spherical), __________________ (rod-shaped), and ____________________ (spiral-shaped). Most reproduce by _________________ _________________. Some bacteria survive in harsh conditions by becoming _____________________ when they grow a thick, protective _____________________. Endospores can survive ________________, ______________________, and ________________ _________ environments. Some bacteria can move through liquids using ______________________. II. Eubacteria – These are classified by the way they get _____________. Many are _______________, breaking down dead organisms. Others are __________________, obtaining food from other _________________ organisms. Still others are ________________________, called ____________________, which make their own food in the process of ______________________________, which is ________________ + _____________ + ______________ ___________ + ________. III. Archebacteria – These bacteria live in _________________ _____________________ such as the hot springs in ____________________ _______________ _____________ and in the ice in ______________________. Their ___________ ___________ are chemically different than those of _______________________, or they may not have them at all. The 3 kinds are ______________ _______________, ___________ _______________, and _______________ _________________. IV. Uses for Bacteria A. Since bacteria break down substances, they can change some of the food we eat. Yogurt is made by the bacterial breakdown of _____________, as is ____________. Sauerkraut is made from _______________ and a bacterial culture. Vinegar is made from the bacterial decomposition of ___________ ______________. B. Bacteria are also used to make _________________, cleansers, and other products. They are also used to clean up ________ _____________. C. Nature uses bacteria to clean up ____________ organisms. These bacteria are called _______________________ because they decompose dead plants and animals and recycle the nutrients so other organisms can use them. Without bacteria, there would be ______________ of dead organisms spread all over the Earth. D. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria change the ______________ in the air into a usable form for plants and animals. E. Many bacteria are _________________, which means they cause disease. Some diseases caused by bacteria are: _____________, _________________, _________________, ______________ ____________, _____________ _______________, and ________________ ________________. These diseases are treated with _______________________ which kill bacteria, some by preventing the bacteria from making their _________ __________ (Ex: penicillin). Some bacteria produce a ______________ which is poisonous (Ex: botulism, a form of ____________ ________________). Harmful bacteria can be killed through ____________________, which heats food up to a high temperature (as in ____________ and ___________ ____________). Draw the 3 shapes of bacteria below and label them with their name and shape.
