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Cycles of Matter Unit 2: “Live and Let Die” Chapter 3 Recycling in the Biosphere • Energy flows in one direction. • Organisms need more than just energy: – water – minerals – life-sustaining compounds • These resources are recycled within and between ecosystems. Law of Conservation of Mass • Matter is neither created nor destroyed. • Matter changes forms. • Biological systems do not USE UP matter, they TRANSFORM matter into other forms. Biogeochemical Cycles • 4 Key Chemical Cycles Essential for Living Organisms • • • • Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorus Water • These compounds must be in a useable form for organisms. The Carbon Cycle • Carbon in the Oceans • Many Marine Organisms make Calcium Carbonate: CaCO3 • Marine sediments • Bones • Shells • Decompose and release CO2 Carbon Cycle • CO2 released into atmosphere • Volcanic activity • Human activity: burning fossil fuels • Respiration • Plants take in CO2 by photosynthesis • Plants use carbon to build C6H12O6 • Carbs are passed on to consumers • Recycled through decomposition Carbon Sugar PhotosynthesisOxygen Animals Green Plants Excretion CO2 Water Respiration Consumption The Nitrogen Cycle • All organisms require nitrogen to make amino acids. • Amino acids are used to build proteins. • N2 makes up 78% of atmosphere. • Ammonia (NH3) Nitrates (NO3-) and Nitrites (NO2-) are found in the wastes of organisms. The Nitrogen Cycle • Nitrate is also found in fertilizers. • Most organisms cannot use N2 gas. • Only lightning, volcanic activity, and certain bacteria can break the bonds that hold N2 atoms together. Nitrogen Cycle • Some bacteria that live in roots of legumes convert N2 into NH3 • A process known as nitrogen fixation. • Other bacteria convert NH3 into nitrates and nitrites. Nitrogen Cycle • Consumers eat producers and use nitrogen in producers to make proteins. • Decomposers return nitrogen to soil as ammonia. • Other bacteria covert nitrates into N2 gas through denitrification. Nitrogen MolecularNitrates NitrogenAmmonia Lightning Absorption Nitrobacteria Denitrification Legumes Ammonification Mushrooms Bacteria Nitrogen Decay Fixation Excretions Animals The Phosphorous Cycle • Phosphorous is essential because it is found in DNA and RNA. • Phosphorous does NOT enter the atmosphere. • Phosphorous remains mostly in rock, soil, and ocean sediments. The Phosphorous Cycle • Phosphate is released when rocks and sediments break down. • Phosphate that is dissolved in water is used by marine organisms. • Phosphate that is dissolved in water is used by marine organisms. Phosphorous Cycle • Phosphates in the soil are absorbed by plants. • Phosphates get used to make Nucleic Acids and other biologically important compounds. • Organic phosphates move through the food web. The Phosphorous Cycle Erosion Streams Decay Runoff Sediment Seepage Excretions Cyanobacteria Protists Consumption Green Plants Animals Absorption The Water Cycle • Water moves between the ocean, the atmosphere, and land. • Evaporation—water changes from liquid to gas • Transpiration—evaporation from leaves of plants H2O Clouds Precipitation Runoff Condensation Water Vapor: Evaporation, Respiration, Animal and and Transpiration Root Uptake Absorption/ Consumption