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Disease EQ: How are diseases transmitted? Definition of a Disease • The growth of a pathogen that begins injuring cells and tissues • Spread from contact with an infected person or surface Germ Theory • Old school – disease was caused by an evil spirit or by doing evil deeds • Early Work – Pasteur and Koch showed disease was actually caused by microorganisms • Koch’s Postulates – The microorganism is always found in the ill person – The microorganism can be isolated from the ill person and grown in a growth medium outside the body – When the microorganism is then injected into a healthy person that person gets sick with the illness – The microorganism can be isolated from the newly sick person Agents of Disease • Viruses – Non-cellular particles that use the cell’s mechanisms to reproduce more viruses and then ruptures the cell to escape – Examples: chicken pox, the common cold • Bacteria – Infect tissue directly growing in infected cells killing them – Produce toxins – Examples: lime disease, TB, flesh eating bacteria • Fungi – Rapid growth in skin tissues causing irritation and infections – Examples: ringworm, athletes foot • Protozoans – Small microorganisms – Live in body and irritate body systems – Examples: malaria, Montezuma's revenge Non-Specific Defenses First Line of Defense • Not specific to any one pathogen • Primary source of preventing disease from infecting the body Skin – Acts as a barrier to prevent bacteria and viruses from entering the body – Very few pathogens can enter through the skin – Very effective if unbroken • Bacteria and viruses will enter through the orifices like the nose, mouth, and eyes Mucus / Cilia – All natural orifices are protected from disease entering the body by tiny hairs and snot like material – Mucus is the silvery excretion that traps particles – Cilia are hairs that filter out disease particles – Many of the secretions contain lysozyme which is an enzyme that breaks down the walls of bacteria Phagocytes • White blood cells that target and engulf the invading disease particles • Not specific to any particular pathogen • Produced in the lymph nodes of the body – this is why your lymph nodes swell when you are sick • Creates swelling at the site of a wound • This is the pus when you pop a pimple Fever • A rise in the bodies temperature – Stimulates the white blood cells – Can kill some pathogens as they are taken out of their ideal temperature range – Should not always be treated with a drug • As long as it is low grade it is doing more good for your body than harm • Only becomes harmful when it goes above 102 Interferon • An enzyme produced by a virus infected cell that helps block viral reproduction • Slows down the infection so that specific defenses can begin to work