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Transcript
BACTERIA Chapter 19.1 1 This is a pore in human skin and the yellow spheres are bacteria 2 Clean skin has about 20 million bacteria per square inch 3 Evolution/Classification Prokaryotes The oldest fossils known, nearly 3.5 billion years old, are fossils of bacterialike organisms. Evolution has yielded many species adapted to survive where no other organisms can. Grouped based on: Structure, physiology, molecular Composition, reaction to specific types of stain (Gram Positive/Gram Negative). Eubacteria= Germs/bacteria Archaebacteria 4 Kingdom Archaebacteria First discovered in extreme environments Methanogens: Harvest energy by converting H2 and CO2 into methane gas Anaerobic, live in intestinal tracts Extreme halophiles: Salt loving, live in Great Salt Lake, and Dead sea. Thermoacidophiles: Live in acid environments and high temps. Hot Springs, volcanic vents 5 Depending on the species, bacteria can be aerobic which means they require oxygen to live or anaerobic which means oxygen is deadly to them. Green patches are green sulfur bacteria. The rust patches are colonies of purple non sulfur bacteria. The red patches are purple sulfur bacteria. Chemosynthetic bacteria use the sulfur in the “smoke” for energy to make ATP. 7 The red color of this snow is due to a blue-green bacteria 8 Kingdom Eubacteria Can have one of three basic shapes 1. Bacilli – rod-shaped 2. Spirilla – spiral-shaped 3. Cocci – sphere-shaped •Staphylo – grape-like clusters •Strepto – in chains 9 BACTERIA PICS 10 Bacillus bacteria are rod shaped 11 Coccus bacteria are ball shaped 12 Spirillium bacteria have a corkscrew shape 13 Diplo-bacteria occur in pairs, such as the diplococcus bacteria that causes gonorrhea 14 Staphylo occur in clumps, such as this staphylococcus that causes infections of cuts 15 Strepto- occur in chains of bacteria, such as this streptococcus bacteria that causes some types of sore throats 16 Cyanobacteria You may have seen them as "green slime" in your aquarium or in a pond. Cyanobacteria can do "modern photosynthesis", which is the kind that makes oxygen from water. All plants do this kind of photosynthesis and inherited the ability from the cyanobacteria. The Gram stain, which divides most clinically significant bacteria into two main groups, is the first step in bacterial identification. Bacteria stained purple are Gram + their cell walls have thick petidoglycan. Bacteria stained pink are Gram – their cell walls have have thin peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides. STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA Structure Function Cell Wall Protects and gives shape Outer Membrane Protects against antibodies (Gram Neg. Only) Cell Membrane Regulates movement of materials, contains enzymes important to cellular respiration Cytoplasm Contains DNA, ribosomes, essential compounds Chromosome Carries genetic information Plasmid Contains some genes obtained through recomb. Capsule & Protects the cell and assist in attaching cell to Slime Layer other surfaces Endospore Protects cell agains harsh enviornments Pilus Assists the cell in attaching to other surfaces Flagellum Moves the cell 19 No Nucleus-DNA in Cytoplasm 20 Eubacteria - Nutrition and Growth Heterotrophic or Autotrophic Some are Photoautotrophs – Use sunlight for Energy Some are Chemoautotrophs. Many are Obligate Anaerobes. (live w/o O2) Ex. Some are Faculatative Anaerobes (can live w/ or w/o O2) Ex. Clostridium tetani – Tetanus Escherichia Coli Some are Obligate Aerobes (need O2 to survive) Ex.) Mycobacterium tuberculosis Temperature requirements Some are Thermophilic, Some prefer acidic envmt. 21 REPRODUCTION IN BACTERIA 22 BACTERIA REPRODUCES BY FISSION First the chromosomal DNA makes a copy The DNA replicates 23 NEXT THE CYTOPLASM AND CELL DIVIDES The two resulting cells are exactly the same 24 In addition to the large chromosomal DNA, bacteria have many small loops of DNA called Plasmids 25 Bacteria can reproduce sexually conjugation or asexually - binary fission. CONJUGATION 27 Bacteria and Disease Disease Pathogen Areas affected Mode of transmission Botulism Clostridium botulinum Nerves Improperly preserved food Cholera Vibrio cholerae Intestine Contaminated water Dental Caries Streptococcus mutans, sanguis, salivarius Teeth Environment to mouth Gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae Urethra, fallopian Sexual contact Lyme disease Berrelia burgdorferi Skin, joints Tick bite Rocky Mountain SF Rickettsia recketsii Blood, skin Tick bite Salmonella Salmonella Intestine Contaminated food, water Strep throat Streptococcus pyogenes URT, blood, skin Sneezes, coughs, etc. Tetanus Costridium tetani Nerves Contaminated wounds Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lung, bones coughs 28 Helicobacter pylori is the pathogenic bacteria that can causes ulcers 29 Leprosy is a bacterial infection that decreases blood flow to the extremities resulting in the deterioration of toes, ears, the nose and the fingers. 30 BOTULISM 31 ROCKY MOUNTAIN SF 32 LYME DISEASE 33 SALMONELLA 34 STREP THROAT 35 TUBERCULOSIS 36 Common Antibiotics Antibiotic Mechanism Target bacteria Penicillin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Gram Positive Ampicillin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Broad spectrum Bacitracin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Gram Positive – Skin Ointment Cephalosporin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Gram Positive Tetracycline Inhibits Protein Synthesis Broad spectrum Streptomycin Inhibits Protein Synthesis Gram Neg. tuberculosis Sulfa drug Inhibits cell metabolism Bacterial meningitis, UTI Rifampin Inhibits RNA synthesis Gram Pos., some Neg. Quinolines Inhibits DNA Synthesis UTI 37 Some Final Information Because antibiotics have been overused, many diseases that were once easy to treat are becoming more difficult to treat. Some Bacteria are Useful Ex. Producing and Processing food Breaking down dead organic material Make unripened cheese like ricotta and cottage by breaking down the protein in milk. 38