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Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology
Fifth edition
Seeley, Stephens and Tate
Chapter 14: Lymphatic System
and Immunity
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 2.1
The Lymphatic System
 Consists of two components
 Lymphatic vessels
 Lymphoid tissues and organs
 Functions
 Transport fluids back to the blood
 Body’s defense against disease
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.1
Lymphatic Characteristics
 Lymph
 Tissue fluid in lymphatic vessels
 Body produces ~3L/day (how much blood
do we have???)
 Properties of lymphatic vessels
 One way system toward the heart
 No pump
 Assisted by skeletal muscle
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.2
Lymphatic Vessels
 Lymph Capillaries
“Blind tubes”
 Walls have valves
 Fluid leaks into lymph capillaries
 Higher pressure inside closes valves
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.3a
Lymphatic Vessels
Figure 12.1
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Slide 12.3b
Lymphatic Vessels
 Lymphatic
vessels
 Collect lymph
from lymph
capillaries
 Carry lymph to
nodes
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 12.2
Slide 12.4a
Lymphatic Vessels
 Lymphatic vessels
(continued)
 Returns fluid to
subclavian veins
 Right lymphatic
duct
 Thoracic duct
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 12.2
Slide 12.4b
Lymph
 Materials returned to the blood
 Water
 Blood cells
 Proteins
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.5a
Lymph
 Harmful materials that enter lymph
vessels
 Bacteria
 Viruses
 Cancer cells
 Cell debris
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.5b
Lymph Nodes
 Filter lymph before it is returned to the
blood
 Nodes house immune WBCs
 Macrophages
 Lymphocytes
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.6a
Lymph Nodes
Figure 12.3
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Slide 12.6b
Lymph Node Structure
 Bean shaped, less than 1” long
 Cortex
 Contains collections of lymphocytes
 Medulla
 Contains macrophages
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.7a
Lymph Node Structure
Figure 12.4
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.7b
Other Lymphoid Organs
 Spleen
 Thymus
 Tonsils
 Peyer’s patches
Figure 12.5
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.9
The Spleen
 Located on the left side of the abdomen
 Filters blood
 Destroys worn out blood cells
 Forms blood cells in the fetus
 Acts as a blood reservoir
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.10
The Thymus
 Located deep to sternum
 Functions mostly during childhood
 Produces hormones
Thymosin, thymopoietin
Program T-lymphocytes
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.11
Lymphoid Organs
• Thymus:
atrophies with
age
• Spleen: can live
without this
Figure 20.8
Tonsils
 Masses of lymphoid tissue surrounding
pharynx
 Trap and remove bacteria and other
foreign materials
 Tonsillitis: caused by infection with
bacteria
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.12
Peyer’s Patches
 Found in the wall of the small intestine
 Collections of lymphocytes
 Capture and destroy bacteria in the
intestine
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.13
Lymphoid Organs
• Tonsils: 3 sets
• Peyer’s patches:
part of GALT
Figure 20.8
Fig. 14.3
Body Defenses
 The body is constantly assaulted by
micro-organisms
 We have two forms of defense
 Nonspecific or Innate defenses
 Protect against a variety of invaders
 Responds immediately
 Includes granulocytes and monocytes
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.15a
Body Defenses, con’t…
Specific or
Acquired defense
system: Cell
Slide 12.15b
Fig. 14.15
Mediated response
 Specific defense is
required for each
type of invader
 T-cells: viruses,
fungi, cancer cells
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell mediated
response
Acquired Defenses, con’t…
Humoral Immunity
Slide 12.15b
Fig. 14.11
 T-cells influence
B-cells
 B-cells: Bacteria
 B-cells make
antibodies (Ab)
 Ab circulate in blood
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Humoral Immunity: Ab
production
Nonspecific Body Defenses
 Body surface coverings
 Intact skin
 Mucous membranes
 Specialized WBCs
 Chemicals produced by the body
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.16
Defensive Cells
 Phagocytes
Neutrophils
Monocyte/
Macrophages
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 12.6b
Slide 12.18a
Defensive Cells
 Natural killer cells
 A lymphocyte
 Can kill cancer
cells
 Can destroy virusinfected cells
 How: surface Ag
change
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 12.6b
Slide 12.18b
Inflammatory Response is the
Second Line of Defense: FYI
 Triggered by injury
 Produces four signs
 Redness
 Heat
 Swelling
 Pain
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.19
Functions of the Inflammatory
Response: FYI
 Prevents spread of damaging agents
 Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
 Sets the stage for repair
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.20
Steps in the Inflammatory Response: FYI
Figure 12.7
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Slide 12.21
Antimicrobial Chemicals: FYI
 Complement
Protein cascade
Kills invaders
 Interferon
 Proteins secreted by virus-infected cells
 Inhibit virus binding to healthy cells
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.22c
Fever: FYI
 Abnormally high body temperature
 Inhibits the release of substances
needed by bacteria
 Increases the speed of tissue repair
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.23