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Energy Flow: Autotrophs Sunlight is the main source of energy for life on Earth. Autotrophs (also known as producers) have chlorophyll that captures the energy that allows a plant to assemble glucose. Energy Flow: Autotrophs The best know autotrophs are those that use the power of the sun to create glucose through photosynthesis. The second type of autotrophs use chemical energy to make carbohydrates. This is performed by several types of bacteria. Autotrophs are the foundation of all ecosystems because they make energy available to all other organisms on earth that are not capable of photosynthesis. Energy Flow: Heterotrophs Heterotrophs: (also known as consumers) consume other organisms for their energy and food. Types of Heterotrophs Herbivores obtain energy by eating plants. Example: Cow, rabbit, caterpillars Carnivores eat animals. Example: Wolves, lions, owls Omnivores eat both plants and animals. Example: Bears, humans, mocking birds Don’t let the dragon costume fool you, I am an omnivore Types of Heterotrophs Detritivores feed on the remains of dead plants & animals and break the remains down to simple nutrients so that other organisms can consume them. Example: Worms, aquatic insects Decomposers a type of detritivores, they break down dead remains by releasing digestive enzymes Example: Fungi, bacteria Feeding Relationships Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then to various heterotrophs (consumers). Food Chains are a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating or being eaten. Food webs more complex than a food chain, they show interactions within an ecosystem. Food Chain Feeding Relationships Each step in a food chain or web is called a trophic level. Producers make up the first step, consumers make up the higher levels. Food Chain: Arrows point toward the consumers What is the producer in the food chain? What is the primary (1st) level consumer? What is the secondary (2nd) level consumer? What is the tertiary (3rd) level consumer? What is the quaternary (4th) level consumer? Food Web Is the frog an herbivore or and omnivore? Is the snake a carnivore or an omnivore? What trophic level is the squirrel? Which carnivore consumes the mouse? Ecological Pyramids An ecological pyramid is a diagram that shows the relationship amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food web or food chain. Ecological Pyramids Energy Pyramid only 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level. Ecological Pyramids Pyramid of Numbers show the relative number of organisms at each trophic level. As the pyramid moves up the trophic levels the number of organisms decrease because there is less energy available to support the organisms Review Homework Complete Food Chain and Food Web Activity Section Review 3.1 1. Sunlight is the source of energy for nearly all ecosystems on earth. It provides the energy used by producers to make food which in turn feeds all the consumers. 2. There could be no sustainable life on earth without producers. If all producers were suddenly removed from earth consumers and decomposers would continue to live for a short time by feeding on each other but eventually life would cease as the available food ran out. Section Review 2.2 3. Herbivores only eat plants. Omnivores eat plants and animals. 4. The crabeater seal is both predator and prey in the food web. It eats krill and is eaten by the leopard seals and killer whales. Homework On page 58 in your text book there is a case study “DDT in an aquatic food chain” Read the article and answer the following questions: 1. Explain the process of bioaccumulation. 2. How does the pyramid of energy’s 10% rule relate to bioaccumulation? My mom misses you all!