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Microbiology 221 Professor Patricia Sidelsky Spring 2007 Contact information Email – [email protected] Web Page – http://chsweb.lr.k12.nj.us/psidelsky The Bioweb – Link for 221 web page Text Book Microbiology - Principles and Explorations 6th Edition Jacquelyn Black Challenge of Microbes Methicillin resistant Staphyococcus aureus E. Coli – O157H:7 Emerging viruses AIDS Bioterrorism Microbiology- The study of microbes Bacteria Fungi Viruses Protists Microbes Range in size from small viruses approximately 20 nm - Viruses – obligate cellular parasites Nucleic acid Protein capsid or outer covering Require a cell to complete life cycle Dependent upon cellular machinery Viroids Nucleic acid without a protein coat Prions Infectious protein particles Produce Mad Cow disease Replicate independently The Three Domains Bacteria Archaea Eukarya The trypanosomes that cause Sleeping Sickness Bacteria Include pathogens as well as beneficial bacteria Bacteria Prokaryote cells Cell walls – protecting the exterior No nuclear membrane No organelles 1 ds circular DNA( may be more than one and also may be linear) Bacteria Archaea Unusual biochemistry Many are extremophiles adapted to extremes ofenvironmental conditions Prokaryote cells Differ from the biochemistry and genetics of bacteria Extremophiles ( Archaea) can survive in boiling water Eukarya Eukaryote cells with nuclear membrane Linear ds chromosomes Organelles Internal cell compartments Fungi Protists Earliest eukaryote cells Form the basis for the development of multicellular organisms Ancestors of today’s plants, animals, and fungi Protist Parasites To 5mm for the Protists such as Plasmodium, the causative agent of Malaria Protist Parasites Trypanosomes – Injected into humans and wildlife by the bite of the TseTse fly. Microbiology Pioneers – Francesco Redi Disproved Spontaneous generation Life comes only from life Redi’s Experiment Louis Pasteur Pasteurization of milk Idea of airborne pathogens Isolated silkworm disease Rabies and cholera Yeasts and wine Pasteur’s experiment Pasteur’s contributions Robert Koch German physician Culture of microbes( agar) Tuberculosis Malaria Typhoid fever Koch’s Postulates Koch’s Postulates The organism must be found in all animals suffering from the disease, but not in healthy animals. The organism must be isolated from a diseased animal and grown in pure culture. The cultured organism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy animal. The organism must be reisolated from the experimentally infected animal. Semmelweis Puerperal fever – Childbed fever Washing hands before surgery Semmelweis Lister Applied carboxylic acid to reduce surgical infection Ridiculed and ignored Had an immediate effect upon surgical success. In 1870 Lister's antiseptic methods were used, by Germany, during the Franco-Prussian war saving many Prussian soldier's lives. In Germany, by 1878, Robert Koch was demonstrating the usefulness of steam for sterilizing surgical instruments and dressings. Antiseptic – Aseptic Procedures Edward Jenner and Immunity Smallpox was a scourge in Europe Deadly and disfiguring Jenner noticed that milk maidsss who got cowpox did not get small pox Development of vaccines Vaccination Vaccinated his child with the exudate from a cowpox blister His child did not get smallpox He later inoculated his son with smallpox and the boy remained health Elie Metchnikoff Cellular response of immunity ( macrophages) Paul Ehrlich Developed a treatment for syphilis Also tested and modified a treatment for sleeping sickness Coined the word chemotherapy Directed treatment against a disease Alexander Fleming The concept of antibiotic Penicillium mold inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus bacteria in culture The effect of penicillium mold on the growth of bacteria Penicillin Howard Florey developed the drug pencillin. The first miracle drug Reduced infections such as “ blood poisoning” – systemic bacterial infectons Howard Florey Purification of the extract from the mold to produce a safe therapeutic dose Gerhard Domagk The development of sulfanilamide and isoniazid Selman Waksman Coined the work antibiotic to describe actinomycin and other products that he isolated from soil Streptomycin – treatment for TB Chlaramphenicol Sydney Brenner Recombinant DNA Genetic engineering Bonnie Bassler Bacteria speech Quorum sensing Karl Stetter Extremophiles Unique prokaryotes Hyperthermophiles Carl Woese The Tree of Life Three Domains Tree of Life Tullis Onstott Oligotrophs – prokaryotes that survive with minimal nutrients Life in the depths of the earth Geomicrobiology The Mars Mission