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CLASSIFICATION AND TAXONOMY World is so diverse Classification The grouping of information or objects based on similarities We classify things all the time (creates order) Stores Lane Text Book Systematics (taxonomy) The science of grouping and naming organisms We need to be able to identify/name each species Common names: confusing Scientific names: specific to one species ONLY that everyone uses What is this called? Common Names Cougar Puma Panther Mountain Lion …………all are common names for same animal. Scientific name: Felis concolor What is this called? Common Names Pill bug Sow bug Roly polies Wood lice Potato bug ………..all are common names for same bug Scientific name: Armadillidium vulgare Why Latin? Scientific names are given in LATIN (because it’s a dead language) WHY USE A DEAD LANGUAGE? Dichotomous keys Used to identify organisms Series of paired statements that describe possible characteristics Leads you to smaller subset Aristotle 384-322 B.C. Greek philosopher Divided animals into movement: land, air, water PROBLEMS??? Linnaean Classification Biological Taxonomy: Hierarchical system proposed in the eighteenth century by Carl Linnaeus. Categories based on the morphological characters shared with others. Linnaean System Hierarchical classification using seven categories or taxa, listed in order from largest to smallest groupings: (Domain was later added before kingdom) Kingdom King Phylum Philip Class Came Species - a group of individuals that Order Over actually or potentially Family For interbreed in nature Genus Green Species Soup Binomial Nomenclature aka:Linnaean 2 word naming system Genus (first word) Noun, Capitalized Species (second word) Descriptive, Lower Case Underlined or Italicized Humans - Homo sapiens Red Oak - Quercus rubra Practice Common Name: Polar bear Scientific Name: Ursus Arctos Is this scientific name written correctly? Which is the genus? Answer Ursus arctos Ursus arctos U. arctos Ursus is the genus arctos is the species Practice What is the two word naming system called? Who developed it? Answer BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE LINNAEUS Practice Which taxa contains more organisms? Family or genus? Answer FAMILY has more organisms than GENUS Kingdom (most general) Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (most specific) Scientific Classification Kingdom Animalia Eubacteria Plantae Phylum Class Chordata Mammalia Pinophyta Pinopsida Order Primates Proteobacteria Gamma Proteobacteria Enterobacteriales Family Hominidae Cupressaceae Genus Homo Enterobacteriacea e Escherichia Species H. sapiens E. coli Pinales Sequoiadendro n S. giganteum Phylogenetic Systematics Phylogeny takes into consideration the evolutionary history of organisms, Not just based on similarities/differences of physical characteristics Tree of Life CLADOGRAMS are diagrams that look at evolutionary relationships among organisms Derived characteristics are traits that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a particular lineage and was passed along to its descendants A clade is a group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all descendents of that ancestor. NODE: point where two groups branch off from eachother/ last shared a common ancestor Derived character is a trait shared by later organisms but not earlier ones The more derived characters two organisms share, the more recently they shared a common ancestor and the more closely they are related in evolutionary terms. Cladogram Chart Example Modern Classification Genes in DNA can be used as derived characteristics The more genes two species share, the more closely related they are Help make evolutionary trees more accurate instead of depending on appearance only For Example… Which two of the three birds seem more closely related? AFRICAN VULTURE STORK AMERICAN VULTURE American vultures and storks share a common behavior When overheating, they urinate on legs to cool down African vulture doesn’t do this Not enough to prove, so DNA analysis was done…….. Surprise! DNA from American vultures is more similar to DNA in storks Suggests they share a more common recent ancestor Domains and Kingdoms Archaea 6 Kingdom System Archaebacteria Eubacteria Eubacteria 3 Domain System Protista Eukarya Fungi Plantae Animalia Kingdoms and Domains The three-domain system Bacteria Archaea Eukarya The six-kingdom system Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Plantae Fungi Animalia The traditional five-kingdom system MONERA Protista Prokaryote Basic Structure Prokaryotes Prokaryotes: (pro- means before, and -karyote means nucleus) First type of cells to evolve Very small Unicellular Two Types: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Common Prokaryote Shapes Domain Archaea • Kingdom: Archaebacteria • Prokaryotic and unicellular • Autotrophic/heterotrophic • Have cell wall w/o peptidoglycan • Anaerobic • Extremophiles -Thermophilic bacteria (live in extreme temps) -Halophilic bacteria (live in high concentrations of salt) Snottites Thermophiles Domain Bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria (eu=true) Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic Aerobic/anaerobic Have a peptidoglycan cell wall No organelles Common EUBACTERIA Salmonella E. coli Streptococcus pyogenes Why do we need prokaryotes? Decomposers (create nutrients as waste) Mutualistic relationship Commercial uses Eukaryotes Eukaryotes differ from Prokaryotes in that they are more complex and evolved later. Kingdom Protista Protists are highly debated in their classification. Characteristics: Simple unicellular or multicellular organisms Aerobic/anaerobic Some w/ cellulose cell walls/photosynthetic Autotrophic/heterotrophic PROTISTA AMOEBA DIATOMS PARAMECIUM EUGLENA VOLVOX Why do we need protists? Produce a large bulk of world’s oxygen Important part of food chain Decomposers Medicinal/industrial uses Kingdom Fungi Multicellular, except yeasts Heterotrophic Cell walls w/ chitin Found in soil, on dead matter, and as symbionts Become noticeable when fruiting, either as mushrooms or molds. FUNGI MOLD RUSTS MUSHROOMS YEASTS Why do we need fungi? decomposes organic matter and important for nutrient cycling/exchange Kingdom Plantae Have organelles; including chloroplasts Are all multicellular Are all autotrophic, mostly Asexual and sexual reproduction Have a cellulose cell wall NON-VASCULAR FERNS MOSSES VASCULAR Flowering plants Conifers Kingdom Animalia Naked cells (no cell wall) Heterotrophic Multicellular Two major types -Vertebrates -Invertebrates (**Most animals fit here) VERTEBRATES- Has a vertebral column Mammals Reptiles Bony Fish Birds Amphibians INVERTEBRATES- lacks vertebral column Sponges Jellyfish Earthworms Ants Starfish Octopus Butterfly Shrimp Some are motile Some are sessile SYMMETRY