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Bacteria - Eubacteria Domain Prokarya Lumpers Shifting Kingdoms Plantae Monera Bacteria-Eubacteria Splitters 2 3 5 6 8 Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Red algae Red algae Red algae Red algae Red algae Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Multicellular Animals Multicellular Animals Multicellular Animals Multicellular Animals Multicellular Animals Extant How Many Kingdoms? 8 5 3 Extinct 2 1 Original Cell Bacteria - Eubacteria • Ancient fossils 3.5 billion years b.p. • Archetype for prokaryotic organisms – – – – – – – Phototrophs Chemoautotrophs Heterotrophs Saprobes Parasites (bacteria benefit, host harmed) Commensals (bacteria benefit, host unharmed) Mutualists (bacteria and host both benefit) • Unicellular, colonial, filamentous • Bacillus, coccus, spirillum Cell Sizes Mycoplasma 0.3-0.8 µm E. coli 1x2 µm Cyanobacteria 10 µm diam Plant Cell 30x75 µm Obviously eukaryotic Nucleus present Mitochondrion Bacterium Chloroplast Cyanobacterium Cell Shapes Coccus - cocci Bacillus - bacillus Spirillum - spirilli Vibrio - vibrios QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://www.up.ac.za/academic/electron/bacteria.jpg Leptospira http://phil.cdc.gov/PHIL_Images/02142002/00001/PHIL_138.tif http://www.designthatmatters.org/proto_portfolio/cholera_treatment/multimedia/vibrio_cholerae.jpg QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Vibrio cholerae QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Helicobacter pylori http://helico.gsnu.ac.kr/ Cell Associations Coccus Diplococcus Streptococcus - filamentous Staphylococcus - colonial ? Streptobacillus QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://www.hhs.gov/asphep/presentation/images/bacteria.jpg Cell Structure: Boundary Mycoplasma cytosol cell membrane bilayer lipopolysaccharide transport proteins regulates input/output Gram Positive Gram Negative cell wall-murein peptidoglycan muramic acid - peptide prevents bursting turgor pressure penicillin sensitive additional membrane bilayer releases dye lipopolysaccharide Cell Structure: Boundary Defenses Capsule or Sheath mucoid polysaccharides cell adhesion chemical resistance - defense desiccation resistance Endospore spore coat + DNA + other materials exterior may be lost frozen for long periods boiled for long periods desiccated for long periods then germinates to new cell Bacillus anthracis ? ? QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://library.thinkquest.org/3564/Cells/cell91.gif Cell Structure: Movement hook basal rings and rod anchorage rotation directional rotation? stiff helical flagellum flagellin protein is rotated by “motor apparatus” in the membrane by H+ ATPase at rates of 200-1700 rps (>12,000 rpm!) Exceptions: myxomycetes, some cyanobacteria use slime, but how? spirochetes have flexible internal microtubules (endosymbiotic source of flagella in eukaryotes?) ((gut parasite in termites have spirochete symbiosis)) Taxis: movement toward stimulus phototaxis: movement toward light chemotaxis: movement to chemicals Lophotrichous: flagella found at one end of the cell QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://msucares.com/lawn/tree_diseases/images/bacteria.gif Amphitrichous: flagella at both ends (but not many on sides) QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://www.biophysics.uwa.edu.au/STAWA/scans/40540a.jpg Peritrichous: flagella all around cell http://www.biophysics.uwa.edu.au/STAWA/scans/40545a.jpg Prokaryotic Growth • Cells are generally very small • Cells may double in size but only before binary fission • Growth mostly in terms of cell number or colony size, etc. • Doubling time in cell numbers may be 20 minutes in ideal conditions • Could quickly take over the earth if conditions could remain ideal • Very competitive in ideal environments • Ultimate survivors - 3.5 billion years! Cell Structure: Nucleoid Nucleoid - genome one circular DNA molecule no histone protein association attached to cell membrane transcription by RNA polymerase replication by DNA polymerase separation of chromosomes cytokinesis by furrowing 70S Ribosome rRNA + protein + ribozymes translation of mRNA into protein Process called binary fission NOT mitosis! •Genome and copy are identical •Genome is haploid •There is no synapsis •There is no recombination nucleoids initial furrowing QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://www.nature.com/news/2002/020722/full/020722-11.html furrowing complete