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DISEASE Professional Tutoring Alevelsolutions.com Pathogens 1. Pathogens is any organism that causes disease. 2. Pathogens include microorganisms and some larger organisms such as tapeworms. 3. Pathogenic microorganisms include some bacteria, some fungi and all viruses. 4. Pathogens need to enter the body to cause harm. How do they get in? Entry of pathogens – Gas exchange 1. Pathogens can enter the body by the Gas exchange system: by breathing in air that contains pathogens you could be affected. Most pathogens will be trapped in your mucus lining the lung epithelium. These cells also have cilia (hair like structures) that beat and move the mucus up the trachea to the mouth where its removed. Some pathogens reach the alveoli where they invade and cause damage. Skin • Damaged skin can allow pathogens to enter your bloodstream as well. • The blood clots at the area of damage to prevent pathogens from entering. Since this takes time pathogens may enter before the clot os formed. Digestive system • Food can contain pathogens that will enter the stomach; most of which will be killed by the acidic conditions of the stomach. Some pathogens may survive, pass into the intestines where they can invade cells of the gut wall and cause disease. How do pathogens cause disease? 1. Production of toxins – many bacteria release toxins. Eg. the bacteria that causes tetanus produces a toxin that blocks the function of certain nerve cells, causing muscle spasms. 2. Cell damage – Pathogens can physically damage host cells by • Rupturing them to release nutrients (proteins etc.) inside them • Replicating inside the cells and bursting them when they are released. Some viruses do this as well. • Breaking down nutrients inside the cell for their own use. This starves and kills the cell. Lifestyle can affect your chances of disease! • Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a disease that affects your….(you guessed it) heart. • This can come from a diet high in saturated fat or salt. • Smoking, lack of exercise and excessive alcohol intake can lead to high blood pressure, which can damage the heart and the blood vessels, increasing the risk of CHD. Cancer • Cancer is the result of uncontrolled cell division. You increase your chances of getting cancer by: • Smoking – mouth, throat and lung cancer • Excessive exposure to light – skin cancer • Excessive alcohol intake – liver cancer Exam question answer • Golgi apparatus • Function is to process proteins OR • Mitochondria - function to release energy Exam question 2 • What is the name of the process that allows oxygen to pass from an alveolus in the lungs into the blood? • Describe 2 ways in which the alveoli is adapted for efficient gas exchange. answers • Diffusion • Thin walls/cells • Total surface area is large