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Health, Access, and the Environment Chapter 7 Plymouth State University Ergonomics Ergonomics is the science of how to make a computer workspace, hardware, and environment fit the individual using it. Using an ergonomically correct workspace and ergonomic hardware can help avoid or lessen the pain associated with some RSIs. Plymouth State University Health Matters Repetitive stress injuries • Carpal tunnel syndrome Eyestrain & headaches Back & neck pains Electromagnetic fields Noise Plymouth State University Ergonomics Fitting the job environment to the worker Purpose – make working conditions and equipment safer and more efficient Plymouth State University Ergonomic Considerations Chair Keyboard Height Wrist Rest Monitor Height Lighting Noise Plymouth State University Ergonomics Eye strain Radiation Glare Plymouth State University Ergonomic Keyboard Plymouth State University Recommendations Maintain good posture Take rest breaks Do alternate tasks Use docking stations for notebooks Raise notebook to eye level Plymouth State University Internet Addiction Internet addiction refers to not being able to stop using computers, the Internet, or other technology. Most prominent in countries with high levels of broadband Internet access. It can affect users of any age and is treated similarly to other addictions. Plymouth State University Quality of Life Issues The environment Mental health • Isolation • Gambling • Stress Plymouth State University 11/2/00 10 Quality-of-Life Issues Information Technology misuse can result in • Environmental problems – Manufacturing computers and circuits can cause pollution – Computer component manufacturing employees may be exposed to toxic substances – Used computers/monitors contain chromium, cadmium, lead, mercury, PVC, and brominated flame retardants – all toxic substances that must be disposed of properly • Exacerbation of Mental-health problems • Proliferation of pornography • Workplace problems Plymouth State University 11/2/00 11 Quality-of-Life Issues Information Technology misuse can result in • Environmental problems • Exacerbation of mental-health problems – Isolation; computer gamers may substitute online games for interpersonal interaction – Online gambling can be addictive – Many users find PCs stressful http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dN3v0drnTdQ – Internet usage by children can expose them to online predators • Proliferation of pornography • Workplace problems Plymouth State University 11/2/00 12 Quality-of-Life Issues Information Technology misuse can result in • Environmental problems • Exacerbation of Mental-health problems • Proliferation of pornography – Online pornographers use pop-up ads and internet search engines to troll for new customers – This means that children may be exposed to porn when involved in innocent online searches – Parents may use online blocking software like Cybersitter, Cyber Patrol, or Net Nanny to prevent this • Workplace problems Plymouth State University 11/2/00 13 Quality of Life Issues cont. The workplace • Misuse of technology • Fussing with computers • Information overload – Bozo filters – Intelligent agents Are you Internet-dependent? Plymouth State University 11/2/00 14 Fussing with Computers Plymouth State University 11/2/00 15 Fussing with Computers Plymouth State University 11/2/00 16 Digital Divide The digital divide refers to the gap between those who have access to computers and communications technology and those who do not. Those without physical access to technology Those who do not understand technology Plymouth State University Environmental Issues High energy use Massive amount of paper computer users consume. Green computing refers to using computers in an environmentally friendly manner. Plymouth State University Green Computing Green computing refers to using computers in an environmentally friendly manner. It can include using environmentally friendly hardware ENERGY STAR certification consolidating servers using power management features Plymouth State University Environmentally Friendly Computers Environmentally friendly computers are just starting to come on the market Alternate-powered hardware is beginning to become available. Plymouth State University Recycling Working computer equipment may be able to be donated and refurbished for additional use Toner and ink cartridges can often be refilled and reused. Hardware that cannot be reused should be recycled if possible, or properly Plymouth State University Security and Privacy For security and privacy, storage media should be wiped or shredded before being reused or recycled. Plymouth State University Web Accessibility Plymouth State University Web Accessibility Overview What is universal Web Accessibility? • Accessible web design allows people with disabilities access to electronic communication and information technology provided to everyone else – Access to people with vision, hearing and motor impairments – Also includes those with color blindness, cognitive and developmental limitations Plymouth State University Web Accessibility Overview Why is it important? • ensures Web information and services are available to people with disabilities • ensures Web information available to the broadest audience • legal requirement – Changes to the Americans with Disabilities Act and Section 508 of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act require all campus Websites to be accessible to people with disabilities. Plymouth State University Web Accessibility Overview Factors influencing need for accessible college Websites • College Web-based systems • e-learning through online courses • Vocational Rehabilitation Act, Section 508 accessibility standards by Federal government, Dec. 2000 Plymouth State University Web Accessibility Overview Web accessibility problems • Many current Web sites use design techniques, scripts, images and graphics in ways that make the content inaccessible or difficult to use – Images without alt tags – Tables for layout – Content presented as graphics without text version – Video and audio clips without text versions Plymouth State University Types of Disabilities Visual Auditory Physical Language Cognitive Plymouth State University Aids for People with Disabilities Screen Readers - Jaws Alternative input devices Text enlargers – Zoom Text Transcriptions Video captions Plymouth State University Two sets of Standards Legal Standards: Section 508 • emphasizes end results and enforceability • Access Board has developed tips for implementation – http://www.access-board.gov/sec508/guide/1194.22.htm Implementation Standards: WAI • The W3C’s Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI = way) – published guidelines, implementation methods, and priority checkpoints under the WCAG. – http://www.w3.org/TR/WAI-WEBCONTENT/ • No force of lawPlymouth State University Legal Standards Section 508 • emphasizes end results and enforceability • Access Board has developed tips for implementation – http://www.access-board.gov/sec508/guide/1194.22.htm Plymouth State University Section 508 Standards Alt Text Tags Multimedia Presentations Color Readability (style sheets) Tables Frames Flicker Rate Text-Only Alternative Time Delays Plymouth State University Recommended Standards Implementation Standards: WAI • The W3C’s Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI = way) – published guidelines, implementation methods, and priority checkpoints under the WCAG. – http://www.w3.org/TR/WAI-WEBCONTENT/ Plymouth State University Alt. Text and Captions Adding alternative text for images is the first principle of web accessibility. Vision Hearing Plymouth State University Captions and Transcripts Video files have synchronized captions. Audio files have captions and/or transcripts. Plymouth State University Graphics and Charts Complex graphics (graphs, charts, etc.) are accompanied by detailed text descriptions, Plymouth State University Color Color should not be used solely to convey important information. Sufficient contrast is provided. Consider individuals with Red/Green color blindness Plymouth State University Tables Data tables have the column and row headers appropriately identified . Tables used strictly for layout purposes do NOT have row or column headers. Plymouth State University Flicker or Flashing No elements on the page flicker at a rate of 2 to 55 cycles per second, thus reducing the risk of opticallyinduced seizures. *New* Plymouth State University Forms All form controls have text labels. Plymouth State University Age-related Disabilities Vision Hearing Slower reactions Understanding Plymouth State University Injuries Plymouth State University Assistive Technology Hardware and software that makes conventional computer systems easier for users with disabilities to use. Plymouth State University Assistive Input Devices Braille keyboards voice input systems foot-controlled mice Head pointing systems. Plymouth State University Assistive Output Devices Screen readers Braille displays Braille printers. Web pages need to use features, such as alternative text descriptions for Web page images and descriptive text-based hyperlinks. Plymouth State University Accessibility Issues http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kziXJX6a7E4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHBvqwRAduw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DfLnSk0sPWI Plymouth State University