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What is Culture? Anthropology 330 Kimberly Porter Martin What is Culture? DEFINITION Culture is the abstract, learned, shared rules and standards for generating behavior and understanding experience. KEY COMPONENTS Abstraction means that culture is ideas in people’s heads, not physical objects. Culture is learned, not genetically programmed. Culture is shared and social, not personal and individual. Culture is rules and patterns, whether conscious or unconsciously followed . People decide how to behave using their culture’s rules and patterns. DIFFERENT from the Textbook!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Learn THIS definition! People understand the world through their culture’s patterns of belief. What is Society? DEFINITION A society is a group of people living according to a shared culture. KEY COMPONENTS A society is a concrete phenomenon A society is a group of people living their lives The thing that makes a group of people a society is that they share a common culture Cultural Products Behavior Beliefs Symbols Material Societies culture Behavior Actions Activities Events Relationships Beliefs Interpretations Ideas Ways of understanding Assumptions Perceptions of truth/reality Symbols DEFINITION Something that stands for something else KEY ASPECTS The ability to symbolize is the most fundamental aspect of culture. Symbols help people identify, sort,and classify things, ideas, and behaviors. When people symbolize using language, they can express experiences that took place earlier or suggest events that may happen. Material Culture DEFINITION The concrete products made by people that meet the standards and expectations of a group TYPES OF MATERIAL CULTURE •Artifacts are portable objects made by people, eg. Tools, food, decorative or religious articles, vehicles, etc. •Features are alterations in the environment made by people – eg. Roads, architecture, irrigation systems, etc. Pluralistic Societies DEFINITION Societies composed of a number of different cultural or subcultural groups. •India 415 Distinct Languages 461 and 465 Distinct Tribal Groups Plus immigrant groups •China 29 Languages Spoken China denies having indigenous groups Plus immigrant groups •There are very few monocultural societies left in the world Subcultures DEFINITION A subdivision of a national culture that shares some features with the larger society and also differs in some important respects. EXAMPLES OF SUBCULTURES Ethnic subcultures http://au.youtube.com/watch?v=a NUyd1UeD5k&feature=related Gay subculture http://de.youtube.com/watch?v=N puaKLrajsw Aryan Brotherhood Subculture http://de.youtube.com/watch?v=1 BhNgCevbAc&feature=related Rave subcultures http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= Jlip8LHcJaI&feature=related Anthropological Perspectives The emic approach (insider view) seeks to describe another culture in terms of the categories, concepts, and perceptions of the people being studied. In the etic approach (outsider view), anthropologists use their own categories and concepts to describe the culture under analysis. What is Ethnocentrism? DEFINITION Ethnocentrism is judging another culture using your own culture’s rules and standards. KEY COMPONENTS Judgement or evaluation of the behaviors and ideas of others Imposing your own standards when they may not apply Thinking your way is the best or only correct way What is Cultural Relativism? DEFINITION Cultural relativism is judging another culture using its own rules and standards. KEY COMPONENTS Judging or evaluating the behavior or ideas of others Looking at ideas and behaviors from the perspective of the culture you are viewing. Trying on other points of view Culture Shock DEFINITION A psychological disorientation experienced when attempting to operate in a radically different cultural environment. Aspects of Culture Shock Confusion over how to behave. Surprise or disgust after realizing some of the features of the new culture. Feeling a loss of old familiar surroundings and ways of doing things. Feeling rejected by members of the new culture. Loss of self-esteem because you don’t seem to be functioning very effectively. Doubt over your own cultural values. Symptoms of Culture Shock Compulsive eating or drinking Chauvinistic excesses Boredom Irritability Stereotyping and hostility toward host nationals Withdrawal Exaggerated cleanliness Loss of ability to work effectively Marital stress and family tension Unexplainable weeping Homesickness Excessive sleep Coping with Culture Shock What is Ethnicity? DEFINITION Ethnicity is the group with which one chooses to identify on the basis of shared ancestry and/or heritage. KEY COMPONENTS We choose which parts of our heritage to actively use We choose how much of our heritage to actively use We take part of our personal identity from these choices This is a different part of diversity than culture or race What is Race? DEFINITION Race is a socially constructed category based on arbitrary physical and cultural characteristics that is used for purposes of discrimination. DIFFERENT from the Textbook!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Learn THIS definition! KEY COMPONENTS Race is NOT a biological reality Race is an arbitrary set of ideas created by certain cultures Racial groups are not defined the same ways from one society to another Race is used to divide people into groups so that they can be treated differently in society Racism Vs. Ethnocentrism Racism is the belief that people with different physical features and/or cultural traditions are inferior to one’s own group. Ethnocentrism is judging another person or group using your own group’s cultural standards and rules. Prejudice vs automatic pilot. Powerpoint Study Guide Culture Emic Society Etic Behavior Ethnocentrism Symbols Cultural Relativism Material Culture Culture Shock Pluralistic Societies Ethnicity Subcultures Race