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Anthropology Wrap-Up Forensics Spring Semester Term Review • Anthropology • Forensic Anthropology vs. Anthropology • Joints vs Cartilage vs Ligaments vs Tendons • Osteoclasts, Osteoblasts, Osteocyte • Osteoporosis • Ossification • Osteobiography Term Review • Anthropology – study of all aspects of human development – tools, traditions, language, etc. • Forensic Anthropology – identifying characteristics from remains of an individual – sex, race, ~height, health & injuries • Joints – where bones come together • Ligaments – hold bones together • Tendons – connect bones to muscles • Cartilage – “soft bone” tissue, cushions and acts as a shock absorber Term Review • Osteoblasts – living bone cells • Osteoclasts- cells that dissolve old bone • Osteocytes – newly trapped osteoblasts that form new bone framework – no longer “living” • Ossification – hardening of bone tissue • Osteoporosis – weakening of bones due to loss of calcium • Osteobiography – interpretation of bones – what story they tell Notes Review • Number of Bones • Age of Bones • Males vs Females • Skull • Pelvis • Thigh Bone Notes Review • Adults 206 Infants 450 • Determined by closing of sutures in cranium, bone density, number and development of bones • Male skull – larger, bumpier, low sloping frontal bone, square orbits, square jaw and chin, occipital protuberance • Female Skull – smaller, smoother, high rounded frontal bone, round orbits, sloped jaw (~ 90o), v-shaped chin Notes Review • Male Pelvis – subpubic angle < 82o, triangular pubis, heart shaped pelvic cavity, narrow sacral curved inward, large oval obturator foramen • Female Pelvis – subpubic angle 90o, rectangular pubis, oval shaped pelvic cavity, short sacral curved outward, triangular obturator foramen • Male thigh – straight • Female thigh - angled Notes Review • Age of Person (Reference Chart 13-19) Suture Marks Cartilaginous Lines Long Bones Height of a Person Use humerus or the femur How do they differ for different Races Notes Review • Suture marks on skull • Cartilaginous lines – called an epiphysis – line no longer visible when bone hardens completely, varies with bone type • Long bones – fuse to shaft • Used to determine height with mathematical relationships (femur and humerous) • Different tables for different races Notes Recap • Race • Shape of eye sockets • Absence or presence of nasal spine • Measurement of the Nasal Index • Prognathism – projection of upper jaw • See Chart 13-21 • With interracial marriages this has become less reliable. Why? Extras Facial Reconstruction helpful in ID DNA Evidence – soft tissue lost over time Mitochondrial DNA (Define and why useful) DNA in bones, from mother, long lastiing Breakage Patterns of Bones “Live Bones” - repair “Old Bones” Summary page 374