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Chapter 4: Cells,
Tissues, and Organs
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter Objectives
 List the simplest to the most complex levels of a living organism.
 Describe the main parts of a cell.
 Label a diagram of a typical cell.
 Name and give the functions of the four basic types of tissues in the
body.
 Define basic terms pertaining to the structure and function of body
tissues.
 Recognize and use roots and suffixes pertaining to cells, tissues, and
organs.
 Analyze case studies pertaining to cells and tissues.
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
1. The root that means “cell” is:
(a) spher
(b) cyt
(c) fibr
(d) gen
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
1. The root that means “cell” is:
(a) spher
(b) cyt
(c) fibr
(d) gen
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
2. The root that means “tissue” is:
(a) hist
(b) cellul
(c) cyst
(d) hem
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
2. The root that means “tissue” is:
(a) hist
(b) cellul
(c) cyst
(d) hem
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Pretest
3. The control center of the cell is the:
(a) membrane
(b) ribosome
(c) virus
(d) nucleus
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
3. The control center of the cell is the:
(a) membrane
(b) ribosome
(c) virus
(d) nucleus
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Pretest
4. The process of body cell division is called:
(a) separation
(b) segregation
(c) mitosis
(d) gestation
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
4. The process of body cell division is called:
(a) separation
(b) segregation
(c) mitosis
(d) gestation
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
5. A compound that speeds the rate of a metabolic
reaction is a(n):
(a) gene
(b) salt
(c) enzyme
(d) mineral
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
5. A compound that speeds the rate of a metabolic
reaction is a(n):
(a) gene
(b) salt
(c) enzyme
(d) mineral
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
6. The substance that makes up the cell’s genetic material
is:
(a) DNA
(b) protein
(c) acid
(d) base
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
6. The substance that makes up the cell’s genetic material
is:
(a) DNA
(b) protein
(c) acid
(d) base
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
7. Chemicals: cells: tissues: __________: systems:
organism. What belongs in the blank?
(a) organs
(b) genes
(c) enzymes
(d) nuclei
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
7. Chemicals: cells: tissues: __________: systems:
organism. What belongs in the blank?
(a) organs
(b) genes
(c) enzymes
(d) nuclei
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
8. The root morph/o means:
(a) reproduction
(b) fat
(c) form
(d) balance
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Key Terms
ATP
The energy compound of the cell; stores energy needed for cell activities.
ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate (a-DEN-ō-sēn trī-FOS-fāt).
carbohydrate
The category of organic compounds that includes sugars and starches
cell
The basic structural and functional unit of the living organism; a
microscopic unit that combines with other cells to form tissues (root cyt/o)
chromosome
A threadlike body in a cell's nucleus that contains genetic information
cytology
Study of cells
cytoplasm
The fluid that fills a cell and holds the organelles
DNA
The genetic compound of the cell; makes up the genes. DNA stands for
deoxyribonucleic (dē-ok-sē-rī-bō-nū-KLĒ-ik) acid.
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Key Terms (cont’d)
enzyme
An organic substance that speeds the rate of metabolic reactions
gene
A hereditary unit composed of DNA and combined with other genes to
form the chromosomes
glucose
A simple sugar that circulates in the blood; the main energy source for
metabolism (roots: gluc/o, glyc/o)
histology
Study of tissues
homeostasis
A steady state; a condition of internal stability and constancy
lipid
A category of organic compounds that includes fats (root lip/o)
metabolism
The sum of all the physical and chemical reactions that occur within an
organism
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Key Terms (cont’d)
Term
Meaning
mitosis
Cell division
mucus
A thick fluid secreted by cells in membranes and glands that lubricates and
protects tissues (roots: muc/o, myx/o); the adjective is mucous.
nucleus
The cell's control center; directs all cell activities based on the information
contained in its chromosomes (roots nucle/o, kary/o)
organ
A part of the body with a specific function. A component of a body system.
organelle
A specialized structure in the cytoplasm of a cell
protein
A category of organic compounds that includes structural materials, enzymes,
and some hormones
RNA
An organic compound involved in the manufacture of proteins within cells. RNA
stands for ribonucleic (rĪ-bō-nū-KLĒ-ik) acid.
tissue
A group of cells that acts together for a specific purpose (root: hist/o, histi/o)
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Supplementary Terms
amino acids
The nitrogen-containing compounds that make up proteins
anabolism
The type of metabolism in which body substances are made; the building
phase of metabolism
catabolism
The type of metabolism in which substances are broken down for energy
and simple compounds
collagen
A fibrous protein found in connective tissue
cortex
The outer region of an organ
glycogen
A complex sugar compound stored in liver and muscles; broken down into
glucose when needed for energy
interstitial
Between parts, such as the spaces between cells in a tissue
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Supplementary Terms (cont’d)
medulla
The inner region of an organ; marrow (root: medull/o)
parenchyma
The functional tissue of an organ
parietal
Pertaining to a wall; describes a membrane that lines a body cavity
soma
The body
stem cell
An immature cell that has the capacity to develop into any of a variety of
different cell types. A precursor cell
visceral
Pertaining to the internal organs; describes a membrane on the surface
of an organ
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Cell
• Basic unit of living organisms
• Carries out metabolism
• Energy generated by
chemical ATP
(adenosine triphosphate)
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Roots for Cells and Tissues
Root
Meaning
Example
Definition of Example
morph/o
form
polymorphous
having many forms
cyt/o, -cyte
cell
cytologist
one who studies cells
nucle/o
nucleus
nuclear
pertaining to a nucleus
kary/o
nucleus
karyotype
picture of a cell's chromosomes
organized according to size
hist/o,
histi/o
tissue
histocompatibility
tissue similarity that permits
transplantation
fibr/o
fiber
fibrosis
abnormal formation of fibrous tissue
reticul/o
network
reticulum
a network
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Roots for Cells and Tissues (cont’d)
Root
Meaning
Example
Definition of Example
aden/o
gland
adenoma
tumor (-oma) of a gland
papill/o
nipple
papilla
projection that resembles a nipple
myx/o
mucus
myxadenitis
inflammation (-itis) of a mucussecreting gland
muc/o
mucus,
mucous
membrane
mucorrhea
increased flow (-rhea) of mucus
somat/o,
-some
body, small
body
chromosome
small body that takes up color (dye)
(chrom/o)
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Roots for Cell Activity
Root
Meaning
Example
Definition of Example
blast/o, blast
immature cell,
productive cell,
embryonic cell
histioblast
a tissue-forming cell
gen
origin, formation
karyogenesis
formation of a nucleus
phag/o
eat, ingest
autophagy
self-destruction of a cell's
organelles
phil
attract, absorb
basophilic
attracting basic stain
plas
formation, molding, hyperplasia
development
overdevelopment of an organ or
tissue
trop
act on, affect
chronotropic
affecting rate or timing (chron/o)
troph/o
feeding, growth,
nourishment
atrophy
tissue wasting
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Organic Compounds
• Proteins
– Enzymes
– Hormones
– Structural materials
• Carbohydrates
– Sugars (main energy source: sugar glucose)
– Starches
• Lipids
– Fats
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Nucleus
• Chromosomes
– Carry genetic information
– 46 chromosomes in every cell (except sex cells)
• Genes
– Separate units of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
– Control formation of enzymes (needed for metabolic
reactions)
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Tissues
• Four basic types
– Epithelial
• Covers and protects body structures, lines organs,
vessels, and cavities
• Simple: Single layer, absorbs substances from one
system to another
• Stratified: multiple layers, protects deeper tissue
– Connective
• Supports and binds body structures
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Tissues (cont’d)
– Muscle (root: my/o)
• Contracts to produce movement
• Three types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth/visceral
– Nervous (root: neur/o)
• Makes up brain, spinal cord and nerves
• Coordinates body responses by transmission of
electrical impulses
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Membranes
• Simplest tissue
• Mucous membranes: secrete mucus
• Serous membranes: secrete watery fluid, line body
cavities and cover organs
• Fibrous membranes: cover and support organs
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Organs and Organ Systems
• Organs
– Comprised of tissues
– Grouped into systems
• Systems
– Have specific function
– Work together, not independently
• Goal of systems: homeostasis
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Suffixes and Roots for Body Chemistry
Word Part
Meaning
Example
Definition Of Example
-ase
enzyme
lipase
enzyme that digests fat (lipid)
-ose
sugar
lactose
milk sugar
hydr/o
water, fluid
hydration
addition of water; relative
amount of water present
gluc/o
glucose
glucogenesis
production of glucose
glyc/o
sugar, glucose
normoglycemia
normal blood sugar level
Suffixes
Roots
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Suffixes and Roots for Body Chemistry
(cont’d)
Word Part
Meaning
Example
Definition Of Example
sacchar/o
sugar
polysaccharide
compound containing many
simple sugars
amyl/o
starch
amyloid
resembling starch
lip/o
lipid, fat
lipophilic
attracting or absorbing lipid
adip/o
fat
adiposuria
presence of fat in the urine
(ur/o)
steat/o
fatty
steatorrhea
discharge (-rhea) of fatty
stools
prote/o
protein
protease
enzyme that digests protein
Roots
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