Download Math 9 Glossary - MARTIN COLLEGIATE

Math 9 Glossary
Abscissa
- the first element in an ordered pair
- it is the distance along the horizontal axis in
the coordinate plane
Acute Angle
- an angle whose measure is between 0 and 90
Acute Triangle
- a triangle with 3 acute angles
Adjacent Angles
- two angles that share a vertex and a common side
but no common interior points
Alternate Angles
- two non-adjacent angles that lie on opposite sides of
the transversal (when lines are cut by a transversal)
- if the angles are between the lines they are called
Alternate Interior Angles
- if the angles are outside of the lines they are called
Alternate Exterior Angles
- Property: If parallel lines are cut by a transversal,
then alternate interior angles are equal
Altitude of a Triangle
- the line segment drawn from any vertex of the triangle
perpendicular to the line containing the opposite side
- also called the Height of the triangle
Axis (plural: Axes)
- the horizontal and vertical number lines that form a
coordinate plane
- the horizontal number line is called the x-axis
- the vertical number line is called the y-axis
Base of a Triangle
- any side of a triangle
Binomial
- an expression consisting of 2 terms
Bisector of an Angle
- a segment that divides an angle into 2 equal,
adjacent angles
Bisector of a Segment
- a line, segment, ray, or plane that divides a segment
into 2 equal segments
Capacity
- the amount of liquid that a container holds (usually
measured in litres)
Central Angle of a Circle
- an angle whose vertex is the center of a circle and
whose sides are radii of the circle
Central Angle of a Regular Polygon
- an angle formed at the center of a regular polygon
by segments drawn from consecutive vertices
Chord
- a segment joining 2 points on a circle
Circumference
- the distance around a circle
Coefficient
- the numerical factor of a term
Commission
- earnings based on the amount of total sales
Compatible Numbers
- numbers that are easy to manipulate mentally
Complementary Angles
- two angles whose measures have the sum of 90
Composite Number
- a whole number that has more than 2 different factors
- the smallest composite number is 4
Concave Polygon
- a polygon with at least one interior angle having
a measure greater than 180
Congruent Figures
- figures that have the same size and shape
- triangles that have all corresponding sides/angles
equal are called Congruent Triangles
Convex Polygon
- a polygon with no line containing a side of the
polygon also containing a point in the interior of
the polygon
- a polygon with each interior angle measuring less
than 180
Coordinate Plane
- two number lines drawn perpendicular to one another
and intersecting at their zero points
- also called the Cartesian Coordinate System (after
its inventor Rene Descarte)
Coordinates
- the ordered pair that names the location of a point
in the coordinate plane
- the first coordinate of an ordered pair is called the
Abscissa
- the second coordinate of an ordered pair is called the
Ordinate
Corresponding Angles
- angles that have the same relative positions in
relation to 2 given lines, segments, or rays
- Property: if 2 parallel lines are cut by a
transversal, then corresponding angles are equal
- Property: if 2 triangles are congruent or similar,
then corresponding angles are equal
Cube
- a product in which a number is multiplied by itself
3 times
Cube Root
- a number that when multiplied by itself 3 times gives
the required number
Data
- the numerical information collected
- data presented in the order it is collected is called
Raw Data
- data that has been rearranged and presented according
to class/kind is called Sorted Data
Degree Of A Variable
- the number of times the variable occurs as a factor
(equal to the exponent of the variable)
Degree Of A Monomial
- the sum of the number of times each variable occurs as
a factor
- the sum of the degrees of all variables in the
monomial (sum of the exponents of all variables)
Degree Of A Polynomial
- the greatest of the degrees of the monomials in the
simplest form of the polynomial
Diagonal
- a segment joining 2 non-consecutive vertices of a
convex polygon
Diameter
- a chord that passes through the center of a circle
(also: the length of this chord)
- a segment that joins 2 points on a circle and passes
through the center of the circle (also: the length of
this segment)
Divisibility Rules
- patterns that allow you to determine whether a number
divides evenly into another number (leaving no
remainder) without actually doing the division
Equation
- a mathematical sentence containing an equal (=) sign
Equiangular Triangle
- a triangle with all angles equal (to 60)
Equilateral Triangle
- a triangle with all sides equal
Estimation
- determining an approximate amount, value, or size of
some quantity
Exponent
- a number that indicates the number of times a base is
used as a factor in a power
Expression
- a symbol or group of symbols that represent a
mathematical quantity
Exterior Angle Of A Convex Polygon
- the angle outside a polygon formed by extending one of
the sides of the polygon
Face
- any of the flat surfaces of a solid
- any 2 faces that are parallel, congruent polygons are
called Bases
- the faces that are not bases are called Lateral Faces
Factor Tree
- a systematic way of determining the prime factors of a
number
Fraction
- any number that can be written in the form
a
b
where
“a” and “b” are integers and “b”  0
- the number “a” is called the Numerator
- the number “b” is called the Denominator
Height Of A Triangle
- the line segment drawn from any vertex of the triangle
perpendicular to the line containing the opposite side
- also called the Altitude of the triangle
Height Of A Prism
- the distance between the bases of a prism
Height Of A Cone/Pyramid
- the perpendicular distance between the Base and the
vertex of the cone/pyramid
Hypotenuse
- the side opposite the right angle in a right triangle
- the longest side in a right triangle
Improper Fraction
- a fraction whose numerator is equal to or greater than
its denominator
Inequality
- a mathematical sentence that contains one of the
inequality signs (, , . , )
Integer
- any number in the following set
{..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ... }
Interior Angles Of A Polygon
- angles inside a polygon formed by the intersection
of 2 sides of the polygon
Interest
- money paid for the use of someone else’s money
- Simple Interest is calculated using the formula
I = Prt
- Compound Interest is calculated by adding the interest
to the principal each time interest is calculated
Isosceles Triangle
- a triangle with (at least) 2 sides equal
- the equal sides are called the Legs
- the other side is called the Base
Isosceles Trapezoid
- a trapezoid with equal legs
Like Terms (Similar Terms)
- terms with exactly the same variable part or no
variable part at all
Mean
- in statistics, the measure of central tendency
calculated by adding all of the values and dividing
(the sum) by the number of values
- also called an Average
Median
- in statistics, the measure of central tendency that
is the middle number when the values are arranged in
increasing order
- if there is an even number of pieces of data, the
median is the average of the middle 2 pieces of data
Median Of A Triangle
- the line segment form any vertex of a triangle to the
midpoint of the opposite side
Median Of A Trapezoid
- the segment that joins the midpoints of the legs of a
trapezoid
- Property: its length is half the sum of the Bases of
the trapezoid
Mixed Number (Mixed Fraction)
- a number consisting of a whole number and a fraction
Mode
- in statistics, the value that appears most frequently
in a set of data
- if all values in the data set appear only once, that
data set has no mode
- it is possible for a data set to have more than one
mode (if 2 or more pieces of data all occur the most
number of times)
Monomial
- an expression that contains only one term
- a number, variable, or the product of numbers and
variables
Obtuse Angle
- an angle whose measure is between 90 and 180
Obtuse Triangle
- a triangle that contains exactly one obtuse angle
Opposites (Additive Inverses)
- two numbers whose sum is zero
Ordered Pair
- a pair of numbers that gives the location of a point
in a plane
- always written in the form: (x,y)
- the x-value (first coordinate) is called the Abscissa
- the y-value (second coordinate) is called the Ordinate
Ordinate
- the y-value (second coordinate) of an ordered pair
Parallelogram
- a quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides
parallel
Percent
- out of 100
Perpendicular
- two lines, segments, rays, or planes that meet to form
equal, adjacent, right (90) angles
Pi ()
- the ratio of the circumference to the diameter in any
circle
22
- its approximate value is 3.14 or
7
Polygon
- a closed figure made up of line segments
- a figure formed by coplanar segments such that:
(1) each segment intersects exactly 2 other segments
at their endpoints
(2) no 2 segments with a common endpoint are in the
same line
Polynomial
- an expression that contains one or more terms
Population
- in statistics, the entire group about which data is
being collected
- a (large) group of people or things used as a base in
statistical measurement
Power
- a product in which all factors are the same
Prime Number
- a number (greater than one) whose only factors are
itself and one
- the smallest prime number is 2
Prism
- a geometric solid with 2 bases that are congruent,
parallel polygons and all other (lateral) faces that
are parallelograms
- if the lateral faces are rectangles the prism is
called a Right Prism (otherwise the prism is called an
Oblique Prism)
- the Height of a prism is the perpendicular distance
between the bases
- a prism is named according to the shape of its bases
Proper Fraction
- a fraction whose numerator is less than its
denominator
Proportion
- an equation that states 2 fractions/ratios are equal
a
c

- example:
or
a:b = c:d
b
d
- in the above proportion, “a” and “d” are called the
Extremes of the proportion and “b” and “c” are called
the Means of the proportion
- the Law Of Proportions states: the product of the
extremes is equal to the product of the means
Protractor
- a device used to measure angles (from 0 to 180)
Pythagorean Theorem
- in any right triangle, the square of (the length) the
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of (the
lengths) of the legs
Pyramid
- a geometric solid with one base that is a polygon and
all other (lateral) faces are triangles with a common
vertex
- the Height of a pyramid is the perpendicular distance
between the base and the vertex
- a pyramid is named according to the shape of its base
Quadrant
- one of the 4 regions that a Coordinate Plane is
divided into (by the x and y axes)
- the quadrants are labelled as follows:
Quadrant 1 (I): top right
Quadrant 2 (II): top left
Quadrant 3 (III): bottom left
Quadrant 4 (IV): bottom right
Radius (plural: Radii)
- the distance from the center of a circle to any point
on the circle
- the segment from the center of a circle to any point
on the circle
Range
- is statistics, the difference between the greatest and
the least values in a set of data
Rate
- a comparison of 2 quantities with different units of
measure
- a rate in which the second unit is one is called a
Unit Rate
Ratio
- a comparison of 2 or more quantities with the same
units of measure
Rational Number
- any number that can be written in the form
a
b
where
“a” and “b” are integers and “b  0”
Reciprocals (Multiplicative Inverses)
- two numbers whose product is one
Reflex Angle
- an angle whose measure is between 180 and 360
Regular Polygon
- a polygon with all sides equal and all angles equal
- a polygon that is both equilateral and equiangular
Repeating Decimal
- a decimal that contains a digit or block of digits
that repeat unendingly
- example: 0.3 = 0.333 ...
0.285 = 0.285 285 285 ...
6.497 = 6.497 979 797 ...
Rhombus
- a quadrilateral with all sides equal
Right Triangle
- a triangle that contains at most one right (90) angle
- the side opposite the right angle is called the
Hypotenuse (the longest side in a right triangle)
- the other sides are called Legs
Sample
- in statistics, a representative portion of the
population about which data is being collected
- a (small) group of people or things used to represent
a population
- an important requirement of a sample is that it is a
Random Sample (each member of the population has an
equally likely chance of being selected for the
sample)
Scale Factor
- the ratio of the distance measured on a scale drawing
to the corresponding distance measured on the actual
object
Scalene Triangle
- a triangle with no equal sides (all sides having
different lengths)
Scientific Notation
- writing a number as the product of a number greater
than or equal to 1 and less than 10 and the
appropriate power of ten
- example: 118 000 = 1.18 x 105
0.000 45 = 4.5 x 10-4
Secant (of a circle)
- a line that intersects a circle in 2 points
Similar Polygons
- polygons that have the same shape but not necessarily
the same size
- polygons whose vertices can be paired so that:
(1) corresponding angles are equal
(2) corresponding sides are in proportion
Simplify
- to replace an expression with the simplest or most
common form of its value
- involves following properties of algebra like removing
brackets, order of operations, etc.
Simplified Fraction
- a fraction whose numerator and denominator only have a
common factor of one
Solve
- to find the solution set of an equation over a given
set of replacement values (domain)
- to find the value(s) that satisfy a given equation
Square
- a product in which a number is multiplied by itself
Square Root
- a number that when multiplied by itself gives the
required number
Straight Angle
- an angle whose measure is 180
Supplementary Angles
- two angles whose measures have the sum of 180
Surface Area
- the sum of the areas of all the faces, including the
bases, of a three dimensional object
- the amount of material needed to build a solid
Term
- a number, variable, or the product or quotient of
numbers and variables
Transformations
- used to solve equations
- the procedure of moving terms from one side of the
equation to the other side of the equation (by doing
the same thing to both sides of the equation) until
eventually the variable is isolated on one side of the
equation
Transversal
- a line that intersects 2 or more other coplanar lines
in different points
Trapezoid
- a quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel
sides
Trinomial
- an expression consisting of 3 terms
Unit Rate
- a rate in which the second term is “1”
Variable
- a symbol, usually a lowercase letter, that is used to
represent a number
Vertex (plural: Vertices)
- the point of intersection of 2 rays that form an
angle, 2 sides of a polygon, or 2 edges of a solid
Vertical Angles (Vertically Opposite Angles)
- two angles with a common vertex and if placed together
form 2 pairs of opposite rays
- two angles formed by the intersection of 2 lines that
share a common vertex but no common sides or interior
points
- Property: Vertical angles are equal