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Biotechnology in Livestock Production August 2008 Definition • the science of altering genetic and reproductive processes in plants and animals August 2008 Two areas • genetic engineering • embryo transfer August 2008 Genetic Engineering • is based on a technology involving recombinant DNA • Deoxyribonucleic acid August 2008 Genetic Engineering • involves taking a tiny bit of DNA containing the desired gene from one organism and splicing it into the DNA strand of another organism August 2008 Genetic Engineering • purpose - to have the recipient organism take on the characteristic controlled by the transferred gene August 2008 Examples • disease resistant animals • growth regulators • new drugs and vaccines August 2008 Examples • specify size and sex of animals • organism that “eats” oil used in the Persian Gulf August 2008 BST • Bovine Somatotropin (Bovine Growth Hormone) • Somatotropins are proteins that affect the utilization of energy in the body August 2008 BST • causes energy derived from feed to be used for milk production rather than weight gain August 2008 BST • does not reduce energy available for body maintenance • increases energy available by improving breakdown of fat and increasing appetite August 2008 BST • small amounts of BST are produced naturally in the cow by the pituitary gland August 2008 BST • previously, the only source of BST for research has been from pituitary glands of dead cows August 2008 BST • now, because of genetic engineering, large quantities of BST can be produced August 2008 BST • gene that controls BST production is spliced into the DNA of a bacteria “Agrobacteria” • is injected into a cow August 2008 BST • causing increased BST production in the cow August 2008 BST • research at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and Cornell University in New York has showed an average increase of 40% over lactation (305 days) August 2008 Formula • 20,000# X 40% = 8000# of extra milk • 8000# @ $10/cwt =$800 August 2008 Porcine Somatotropin • is produced naturally by the pituitary gland of the pig • it acts as a growth regulator August 2008 PST • production decreases as an animal matures August 2008 PST • produced through RDNA technology August 2008 PST • how it works • A. causes an increase in cell division in muscle tissue. • B. causes decrease in fat storage and increases in accumulation of protein. August 2008 PST • C. improves feed efficiency and decrease fat deposition August 2008 Results • A. increase in feed efficiency 29% • B. increase daily gain 19% • C. increase loin eye area 12% • D. decreases fat 33% August 2008 Results • must be injected daily August 2008 Opposition to “Biotech” • people fear • production of new uncontrollable disease • freak animals August 2008 Opposition to “Biotech” • long term adverse effects of environment from products August 2008 Biotech in Crop Production • lowered costs and increased yields • improved feeding values • new corn plant August 2008 Biotech in Crop Production • produces higher levels of tryptophan • amino acid essential for protein formation in an animals body. August 2008 Biotech in Crop Production • the first plant patented August 2008 Other areas researched • herbicide resistance • pest resistance • frost resistance • salt tolerant • drought resistance August 2008 Embryo Transfer • well established in cattle industry, especially dairy August 2008 Process • cow is treated with hormones to cause “superovulation” • can produce as many as 25 eggs August 2008 Process • donor cow then artificially inseminated August 2008 Process • during this process, “Recipient” cows or heifers are treated with hormones to synchronize their heat cycle to be the same as the donor cow. August 2008 Process • after the eggs are fertilized and before they leave the oviduct, the cow is “flushed” with a saline solution or a solution of egg yolk and D.M.S.O. August 2008 Process • ovaries and oviducts are massaged & flushed with fluid-which washes the fertilized eggs out of the body into a cylinder August 2008 Process • individual embryos are located under a microscope and put into a straw August 2008 Process • embryos may be frozen much the same as cattle semen samples • first research in the U.S. was done in central WI in 1982 August 2008 Process • freezing protocol now widely used • most transfer work is done non-surgically with success rates of approximately 75% August 2008 Splitting • research has also successfully split embryos resulting in as many as 5 identical calves August 2008 Slow Progress • many characteristics are controlled by multiple genes instead of a single gene August 2008 Slow Progress • lack of money for research • government regulations • environmental groups filing lawsuits to stop research and testing August 2008 Slow Progress • many farmers don’t support genetic engineering because they feel we already have surplus production August 2008