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Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11-3 http://www.eslkidstuff.com/images/tallshort.gif http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought ENVIRONMENT influences the ____________________________ ________________________. expression of genes “Nature vs Nurture” = ________________________ provide the plan Genes ________ ______ for development, but how plan unfolds also depends on ______________conditions. environmental _______ GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought Some traits have choices ____________ MORE than 2 allele __________ MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT = ____________________ EX: blood type B ___ O A ___ Allele choices ___ GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Some traits are determined by ____________________________ MORE THAN ONE GENE POLYGENIC TRAIT = __________________ EX: human height. intelligence, skin & eye color http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Traits determined by ____________ MORE than ONE gene have _____ _________ many “___________” in-between phenotypes There aren’t just SMART people and DUMB people…. there is a ________________ whole range of intelligences in-between http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought KINDS OF DOMINANCE ____________________ COMPLETE DOMINANCE INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE ____________________ CO-DOMINANCE ____________________ COMPLETE DOMINANCE Dominant allele _______ masks __________ the ___________ recessive one PATTERN ? Recessive allele ____________ ________ returns in a _____ratio in the 3:1 ____ F2 generation http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE DON’T SEE expected __________ _____ 3:1 ratio in F2 generation Heterozygous organisms with one _____________ dominant and one recessive allele show a _________ BLENDED in-between trait Image modified from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html CO-DOMINANCE BOTH traits are expressed at ___________ _______ SAME TIME (_____________________) in heterozygote NO BLENDING ROAN A ________HORSE has ______________ BOTH RED hair and __________ WHITE hair side by side CO-DOMINANCE Both traits are expressed together (NO BLENDING) in heterozygote Persons with an A allele AND a B allele have blood type AB REMEMBER Membrane proteins with _______ sugars attached that help cells recognize self = ______________ GLYCOPROTEINS http://www.mannanw.com/super-sugars.htm BLOOD TYPES have more than 2 allele choices MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT = _________________________ The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes Allele choices are: A B O _____ ____ ____ BLOOD TYPES An A allele tells the cell to put “A” glycoproteins on its surface BLOOD TYPES A B allele tells the cell to put a different “B” glycoprotein on its surface BLOOD TYPES An O allele tells the cell NOT to put anything on the surface A and B are CO-DOMINANT A cell with BOTH an A and a B allele has BOTH “A” and “B” glycoproteins on its surface BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES GENOTYPE AA AO BB BO OO AB PHENOTYPE (BLOOD TYPE) A A B B O AB DONOR BLOOD A and AB see A as “like me” Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg B and O see A as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! DONOR BLOOD B and AB see B as “like me” Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg A and O see B as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! DONOR BLOOD O can donate to ____ EVERY BLOOD TYPE = _____________________ UNIVERSAL DONOR Nothing on surface to recognize as “NOT SELF” YOU DON’T HAVE ANYTHING I DON’T HAVE! Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg DONOR BLOOD Only AB sees AB as “like me” Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg A, B, and O see AB as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! AB can only GIVE to AB BUT . . . AB can RECEIVE FROM ______ EVERY BLOOD TYPE = ________________________ UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT Body image modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY IN USA A B AB O 40% 10% 4% 46% http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/newton/BldTyping.html ABO SYSTEM is NOT THE ONLY ONE + Rh Rh OTHER BLOOD TYPES ____________________ IF: NO PROBLEMS Rh+ MOM is _____ & BABY is _____ Rh+ Image modified from: http://www.wsd1.org/lessonplans/images/Body.gif MOM is _____ Rh+ & BABY is ____ Rh- PROBLEM IF: Can be a ___________ Mom is _____ Rh- Baby is _____ Rh+ 1st baby OK but few baby cells entering mom’s bloodstream put mom’s immune system on alert for + cells. Next + baby, mom’s immune system can attack baby as it is growing Mom given shot after 1st birth prevents this Image modified from: http://www.wsd1.org/lessonplans/images/Body.gif Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism = _________________ Sex chromosomes http://www.angelbabygifts.com/ All other chromosomes = _________________ autosomes Humans have two sex chromosomes X y and _____ 44 autosomes SEX DETERMINATION XX = female Xy = male Who decides? Mom can give X Dad can give X or y X X X XX XX y Xy Xy Dad determines sex of the baby. SO ____ If dad gives X with mom’s X = girl If dad give y with mom’s X = boy HEMOPHILIA CAUSE: Mutation in genes for Blood __________________ clotting proteins carried ______ on X chromosome Blood clotting proteins are missing so person with this disorder can’t stop bleeding when bleed to death from minor injured; can ________________ cuts or suffer internal bleeding from bruises or bumps. HEMOPHILIA Treatment: Need ____________ injections of normal clotting proteins to stop bleeding More commonin _____________ males because it is ______ TWO recessive X-linked, but females with ______ hemophilia alleles will also show the trait. 1 in 10,000 males has hemophilia COLORBLINDNESS CAUSE: Mutation in one of three genes for _______________ Color vision carried on X chromosome Persons with this disorder have trouble distinguishing colors. Red-green _________________ colorblindness is most common Seen in 1 in 10 males 1 in 100 females http://gizmodo.com/gadgets/peripherals/samsung-develops-lcd-for-colorblind-036306.php Males ONLY HAVE ONE X DEFECTIVE They either have the disorder NORMAL Or They are normal FEMALES HAVE TWO X CHROMOSOMES DEFECTIVE NORMAL DEFECTIVE Females have one normal gene that works. Femalesneed ________ 2 defective recessiv alleles to show the The X chromosome in males . . . flies WITHOUT a copilot! . . . there’s NO BACK UP X to help them! X-linked cross Xb Dad is not XB colorblind Mom is colorblind y Xb y Xb XB X b XB Xb Xb y What is the probability of having a colorblind boy? All boys will be colorblind What is the probability of having a colorblind girl?No girls will be colorblind Girls with this genotype: XB Xb don’t show the COLORBLIND trait They have a “backup” X. BUT. . . . They can pass the gene onto their offspring. A heterozygous person who carries a recessive allele for a genetic doesn’t disorder, but ________ show the trait themselves is called a _____________ CARRIER http://www.biochem.arizona.edu/classes/bioc460/spring/rlm/RLM36.1.html SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. Storage and transfer of genetic information Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: predict how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring High school students performing at the PROFICIENT level: explain how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring; High school students performing at the BASIC level identify that genetic traits can be transmitted from parents to offspring; SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 2: Analyze various patterns and products of natural and induced biological change. 9-12.L.2.1A. Students are able to predict the results of complex inheritance patterns involving multiple alleles and genes. (SYNTHESIS) Examples: human skin color, polygenic inheritance