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Understanding Cancer and Related Topics Understanding Cancer •Illustrate what cancer is •Explain the link between genes and cancer •Discover causes, detection and diagnosis techniques Developed by: Lewis J. Kleinsmith, Ph.D., Donna Kerrigan, M.S., Jeanne Kelly, Brian Hollen Decide with your partner What Is Cancer? • In your own words, create a definition for cancer. • Cancer - A disease in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy body tissue (mayoclinic.com) Different Kinds of Cancer Cancer can originate almost anywhere in the body Some common carcinomas: Lung Leukemias: Bloodstream Lymphomas: Lymph nodes Breast (women) Colon Bladder Prostate (men) Some common sarcomas: Fat Bone Muscle Naming Cancers Cancer Prefixes Point to Location Prefix Meaning adeno- gland chondro- cartilage erythro- red blood cell hemangio- blood vessels hepato- liver lipo- fat lympho- lymphocyte melano- pigment cell myelo- bone marrow myo- muscle osteo- bone Dogs Tell your partner where the cancer, myeloma, will be located. Loss of Normal Growth Control Normal cell division Cell Suicide or Apoptosis Cell damage— no repair Cancer cell division First mutation Second mutation Third Fourth or mutation later mutation Uncontrolled growth Example of Normal Growth Dead cells shed from outer surface Epidermis Dividing cells in basal layer Cell migration Dermis The Beginning of Cancerous Growth • During the development of skin cancer, the normal balance between cell division and cell loss is disrupted. The basal cells now divide faster than is needed to replenish the cells being shed from the surface of the skin. Underlying tissue Think – Pair – Share • What is the difference between normal cell division and cancer cell division? Tumors (Neoplasms) • The gradual increase in the number of dividing cells creates a growing mass of tissue called a tumor (neoplasm) Underlying tissue HORSES Explain to your partner how a tumor is formed. Invasion and Metastasis 1 Cancer cells invade surrounding tissues and blood vessels 2 Cancer cells are transported by the circulatory system to distant sites 3 Cancer cells reinvade and grow at new location Malignant versus Benign Tumors Benign (not cancer) tumor cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis Time Malignant (cancer) cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sites Why Cancer Is Potentially Dangerous Brain Melanoma cells travel through bloodstream Liver Melanoma (initial tumor) Genes and Cancer Viruses Chemicals Radiation Heredity Chromosomes are DNA molecules DNA Structure Chemical bases A C DNA molecule T G THINK – PAIR - SHARE • What are the different types of mutations possible for DNA? DNA Mutation DNA CA AG C T A A C T Normal gene CA AG C G A A C T Single base change CA A G G CG C T A A C T Additions C T CA A G A A C T Deletions Proto-Oncogenes and Oncogenes Normal cell Normal genes regulate cell growth Proto-Oncogenes – genes that could lead to unregulated cell growth/reproduction if damaged Cancer cell Oncogenes accelerate cell growth and division Mutated/damaged = oncogene Oncogenes damaged protooncogenes Proto-Oncogenes and Normal Cell Growth Normal Growth-Control Pathway Growth factor Receptor Signaling enzymes Transcription factors Cell nucleus DNA Cell proliferation Oncogenes are Mutant Forms of Proto-Oncogenes Inactive growth factor receptor Inactive intracellular signaling protein Signaling protein from active oncogene Activated gene regulatory protein Transcription Cell proliferation driven by internal oncogene signaling Tumor Suppressor Genes Normal genes prevent cancer Normal cell Remove or inactivate tumor suppressor genes Cancer cell Damage to both genes leads to cancer Mutated/inactivated tumor suppressor genes Tumor Suppressor Genes Act Like a Brake Pedal Tumor Suppressor Gene Proteins Growth factor Receptor Signaling enzymes Cell nucleus Transcription factors DNA Cell proliferation Tumor Suppressor Genes genes that instruct cells to produce proteins that restrain cell growth and division p53 Tumor Suppressor Protein Triggers Cell Suicide p53 protein Normal cell Excessive DNA damage Cell suicide (Apoptosis) In cells that have undergone DNA damage, the p53 protein acts like a brake pedal to halt cell growth and division. If the damage cannot be repaired, the p53 protein eventually initiates cell suicide DNA Repair Genes Normal DNA repair T C GA C Base pair mismatch No cancer TC T AC AG C T G TC TAC TCT AC AG C T G Cancer AG TG AG A T G No DNA repair Cancer Tends to Involve Multiple Mutations Benign tumor cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis Malignant cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sites Time Mutation Cells inactivates proliferate suppressor gene Mutations inactivate DNA repair genes Proto-oncogenes mutate to oncogenes More mutations, more genetic instability, metastatic disease Mutations and Cancer Genes Implicated in Cancer Design an animated comic strip Design a comic strip with your partner. It should show the process of how a cell changes from having normal cell growth and reproduction to cancerous cell growth. You must include the following terms: •Proto-Oncogenes •Oncogenes •Tumor Suppressor Genes •Apoptosis •Cell Cycle •Mutations •Uncontrolled Growth Cancerous cells vs. Noncancerous Cells Lung Cancer Cells Abnormal Skin Cancer Normal skin cell layers