Download Eight Grade TAKS review

TAKS
Identify equipment
Graduated Cylinder
Flask
Test Tubes
Safety Goggles
Triple Beam Balance
Hot Plate
Bunsen Burner
Petri Dish
Microscope
1
Students are expected to follow
safe lab practices.
Safety First
• Tie Hair back
• Never breath Fumes
• Never heat a closed
container.
• Notify your teacher
when spills happen
• Wear Safety Goggles
• Do not use broken
glassware.
Know your Vocabulary
• It is important to understand
the words in the question in
order to know what the
answer is to the question
Testable
• answered and explained by
experimentation
Collect Data
• An organized plan to
gather or measure
Organize
• to give an orderly
structure to something
Analyze
• to examine the structure or
content of something in detail
Evaluate
• to calculate the value of
something
Make Inferences
• observed data." A natural
tentative assumption quickly
made.
Trends
• A pattern or a sequence of
events.
14
Valid Conclusion
• Retested for the same results
and or peer reviewed.
Critique
• A logical search for
flaws.
Hypothesis
• A testable question
based upon knowledge
and or experience.
Limitations
• Road blocks created
naturally by technology or
the lack there of.
Apply
• To put into service
• A natural purpose
Elements are listed on the
46
Period Table
46
35, 46
Atomic Number
Number of Protons in every
Atom of that Element
Atoms with a opposite charges
5
Ions are pulling together because they are
opposite charges.
5
5
5
Energy Levels. Valence shell layer is the
outer layer
5
Ionic Bonding
5
Atoms of an element that have more
numbers of
or less than the normal
neutrons are called isotopes of the same element.
5
Water Vapor
Water
35
H2O
The same number of each kind of atom must
be on the left side of the arrow as are on the
right side when an equation is balanced.
Al
Al
Al
Al
O O
O O
O O
When an equation is balanced the number of
reactant atoms will always equal the number of
product atoms and atoms are conserved
O Al O Al O
O Al O Al O
35
O O
Al Al O O
AlAl O O
12
Example of a Chemical Reaction
Reactant + Reactant
 Product
(goes to)
carbon
+
oxygen 
carbon dioxide
(has different properties)
2
So, then what’s going on when energy
appears to be “used up” or when it
seems to “come out of nowhere?”
--The form of energy changes.
Electrical to
heat and
light
Mechanical to
electrical
7
Physical
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Color
Density
Heat capacity
Odor
Temperature
Freezing
Dissolving
vs.
Chemical
• Flammability
• Corrode
• Reactive
•
•
•
•
Examples
Burning
Rusting
bubbles
#2
Energy is also involved in a chemical
reaction (atoms of one or more
substances are rearranged to
form new substances)
2
Endothermic: A process that absorbs energy
Endo = into or inside
Therm = heat
Heat goes in.
Exothermic: A process that releases energy
Exo = out of or outside
Heat goes out.
Therm = heat
Ba(OH)2•8H2O(s) + 2 NH4NO3(s) →
Ba(NO3)2(aq) + NH3(g) + 10 H2O(l)
#2
Was the reaction in the beaker endothermic or exothermic?
The reaction is endothermic.
What evidence supports your choice?
The temperature of the system decreased, showing that the
reaction absorbed energy from the temperature probe, and
from the surroundings.
Which of the numbered steps in the water
cycle below is an exothermic process?
A. #1 Evaporation (liquid to
#3
#2
gas) requires energy—
endothermic.
B. #2 Condensation (gas to
liquid) releases energy—
exothermic.
#4
#1
C. #3 During transpiration,
water vapor moves out of
leaves into the air.
D. #4 Precipitation occurs as
#26, 7
http://mbgnet.mobot.org/fresh/cycle/concepts
water droplets in the clouds
combine and grow large
enough to fall to Earth—
neither endothermic or
exothermic.
#7
Energy conversions
Clock
Battery
Light bulb
Blender
Solar Panel
Photosynthesis
CD Player
Dam
Windmill
Electrical
Chemical
Electrical
Electrical
Sunlight
Sunlight
Electrical
Mechanical
Mechanical
Light/sound
Electrical
Light/thermal
Mechanical
Electrical
Chemical
Mechanical
Electrical
Electrical
Roller Coaster
• The cars of a roller
coaster have the greatest
potential energy at the
top of the first hill. As they
start their descent, the
cars lose potential energy
and they gain kinetic
energy - the energy of
motion. Throughout the
ride, each time the train
loses height, it gains
speed as potential energy
is transformed into kinetic
energy. Likewise, each
time it gains height, it
loses speed as kinetic
energy is transformed into
potential energy.
#7,34
#7
Energy Transformations
Wind has
kinetic energy
which can be
transformed
into other forms
of energy.
Hydropower
depends on the
transformation
of potential
energy to
kinetic energy.
The kinetic
energy of the
fast-moving
water turns
turbines, which
drive
generators that
produce
electricity.
The energy in
fossil fuels
(coal, oil, gas) is
chemical
potential energy.
Fossil fuels come
from decayed
living matter that
has stored
energy in its
chemical bonds.
Potential and Kinetic Energy
Checkpoint 4.2
The diagram above shows a barrel moving toward a waterfall. The barrel will
have the greatest potential energy at which of these locations?
A
B
C
D
W
X
Y
Z
Speed
• Speed = Distance ÷ Time
S= D
T
Example: A car travels 300km in 6 hours.
What is the speed of the car?
Answer:
• Speed = distance ÷ time
• Speed = 300km ÷ 6 hours
• Speed = 50km/hr
Specific Heat
#21
• Different materials require different
amounts of heat to change their
temperatures by the same amount
• The amount of heat energy needed to
raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of a
substance by 1 Kelvin is its specific heat
Specific Heat Comparisons
#21
Substance
Water
Air
Aluminum
Glass
Iron
Gold
Lead
Specific Heat in
J/Kg. K
4186
1004
900
837
448
129
128
32
Celsius (or centigrade) is the most widely
used. It is based on the use of water.
•Water freezes at zero degrees Celsius.
•Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
The Fahrenheit scale is primarily used in
the United States of America.
Water boils
Fahrenheit.
at 212 degrees
freezes at 32 degrees
Water
Fahrenheit.
#32
Distance-time graphs
#14,
6,8,10,
40
Is your graph a straight line?
• A distance-time graph which is a
straight line indicates constant
speed.
• In constant speed, the object
does not speed up or slow down.
The acceleration is zero.
Graph the following on a distancetime graph:
•
D (m)
0
5
20
45
80
125
T (s)
0
1
2
3
4
5
#14,
6,8,10,
40
Does your graph curve?
• A graph that
curves on a
distancetime graph
shows that
the object is
accelerating.
0 1 2 3 4 5
Using the extended or extrapolated data,
determine the time required to travel 50
It will take 19 sec.
#14,
m.
Distance vs Time
6,8,10,40
60
Distance (m)
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
5
10
15
Time (s)
19 s20
25
#14,
6,8,10,
40
Distance-time graphs
• Describe the motion of the object as shown
in the graph.
•From 0-8 sec, constant speed:
(25 m/sec);
•From 8-12 sec, no motion;
•From 12-16 sec, acceleration;
•From 16-20 sec, constant speed
#14,
6,8,10,
40
Distance-time graphs
• Describe the motion of the object as shown
in the graph.
•From 0-8 sec, constant speed:
(25 m/sec);
•From 8-12 sec, no motion;
•From 12-16 sec, acceleration;
•From 16-20 sec, constant speed
Speed-time graphs
• Using the distance-time graph from the
last frame, draw a speed time graph.
Average Speed (m/s)
Time (sec)
25
0 to 8
0
8 to 12
37.5
12 to 20
What does your graph look like?
• Constant speed will be a
horizontal line on a speed time
graph.
• If the speed decreases, the line
will slant down.
• If the speed increases, the line
will slant up.
What do the following speed-time
#14,
6,8,10,40
graphs depict?
#3
Balanced Forces
• To describe a force, you must know two
things-the size of the force and the
direction of the force.
– For example, think about two teams in a tug
of war.
– Each team pulls with equal force in opposite
directions.
– Neither team can make the other move.
#3
Balanced Forces (2)
• Forces that are
equal in size and
opposite in
direction are called
balanced forces.
#3
Unbalanced Forces
• Unbalanced forces cause a change in the
motion of an object.
• The forces acting on the rope are no longer
balanced.
#3
Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
If a force is applied for 15
seconds, in which situation
will the box be moved the
greatest distance?
What is a Simple Machine?
• Simple machines make
work easier
– Reduce input force but
work remains the
same.
– Change the size and
direction of force.
– Do work with one
movement
• A simple machine has
few or no moving parts.
Wheels and Axles
• The wheel and axle
are a simple machine
• The axle is a rod that
goes through the
wheel which allows
the wheel to turn
• Gears are a form of
wheels and axles
45
Pulleys
• Pulleys are wheels
and axles with a
groove around the
outside
• A pulley needs a
rope, chain or belt
around the groove to
make it do work
Inclined Planes
• An inclined plane is a
flat surface that is
higher on one end
• Inclined planes make
the work of moving
things easier
Wedges
• Two inclined planes
joined back to
back.
• Wedges are used
to split things.
Screws
• A screw is an
inclined plane
wrapped around a
shaft or cylinder.
• The inclined plane
allows the screw to
move itself when
rotated.
45
Levers-First Class
• In a first class lever
the fulcrum is in the
middle and the load
and effort is on either
side
• Think of a see-saw
Note: The fulcrum is a pivot
point that changes the
direction of the force.
Moving the fulcrum changes
the distance each arm moves
under a force.
45
Levers-Second Class
• In a second class
lever the fulcrum is at
the end, with the load
in the middle
• Think of a
wheelbarrow
23,24
Wave Characteristics
17
17
Primary Succession
25
25
Secondary Succession
25
Succession
Emergence of Seedlings
38
Seed distribution is carried out by wind and animals.
38
38,25
9
9
20,41
Genotype
GG
homozygous
dominant
Gg
heterozygous
gg
homozygous
recessive
Frequency
1 of 4 boxes
Percentage
1 = __x__
4
100
25%
2 of 4 boxes
2 = __x__
4
100
1 of 4 boxes
1 = __x__
4
100
50%
25%
20,41
STUDENT EXPECTATION
• 8.11 STUDENTS
WILL MAKE
PREDICTIONS
ABOUT POSSIBLE
OUTCOMES OF
VARIOUS GENETIC
COMBINATIONS OF
INHERITED
CHARACTERISTICS
T
T
T
TT
t
Tt
HIGHLIGHT OF OBJECTIVE 2
20,41
• SINGLE-TRAIT
PUNNETT SQUARES
MAY BE USED, AND
STUDENTS WILL BE
EXPECTED TO
PREDICT GENETIC
OUTCOMES.
¾
75%
3:1
41
TERMS TO KNOW
ALLELES
DIFFERENT FORMS OF A
TRAIT THAT A GENE MAY
HAVE
HOMOZYGOUS
AN ORGANISM WITH
TWO ALLELES THAT ARE
THE SAME
HETEROZYGOUS
AN ORGANISM WITH
TWO DIFFERENT
ALLELES FOR A TRAIT
T,t
TT, tt
Tt, Gg
41
TERMS TO KNOW
HYBRID
SAME AS
HETEROZYGOUS
DOMINANT
A TRAIT THAT
DOMINATES OR COVERS
UP THE OTHER FORM OF
THE TRAIT
Tt, Gg
REPRESENTED BY AN
UPPERCASE LETTER
T G
OR
RECESSIVE
THE TRAIT BEING
DOMINATED OR
COVERED UP BY THE
DOMINATE TRAIT
REPRESENTED BY A
LOWER CASE LETTER
t g
or
41
TERMS TO KNOW
PHENOTYPE
THE PHYSICAL
APPEARANCE OF AN
ORGANISM
(WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE)
TALL, SHORT,
GREEN,
WRINKLED
GENOTYPE
THE GENE ORDER OF AN
ORGANISM
(WHAT ITS GENES LOOK
LIKE)
TT, GG, Tt, gg
Gg, tt
RATIO
THE RELATIONSHIP IN
NUMBERS BETWEEN
TWO OR MORE THINGS
3:1, 2:2, 1:2:1
41,20
TAKS FORMATTED ITEMS
3. IF B IS THE ALLELE FOR BLACK
FUR AND b IS THE ALLELE FOR
WHITE FUR, WHAT PERCENT
WOULD BE BLACK?
A.
B.
C.
D.
25%
50%
100%
75%
B
b
B
BB
Bb
b
Bb
bb
4. WHAT FRACTION IS HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT IN THE ABOVE CROSS?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1/2
1/4
1/3
3/4
19,23,36
The “Light” of the Moon
• The Moon does not generate any light
itself; it just reflects the light of the Sun.
http://co-ops.nos.noaa.gov/astronomical.shtml
Rotation of the Moon
• The moon rotates on its axis
approximately every 27.3 days
• The moon rotates on its axis at about the
same rate that it revolves around the Earth
19,23,36
http://co-ops.nos.noaa.gov/astronomical.shtml
http://hrw.com
19,23,36
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Moon Phases
The Moon passes through 6 phases during a cycle:
New Moon
Waxing Crescent
First Quarter
Waxing Gibbous
Full Moon
Waning Gibbous
Last Quarter
Waning Crescent
http://www.calculatorcat.com/moon_phases/moon_phases.phtml
19,
23,
36
http://www.wingettphotography.com/Fall2003/LunarEclipse/Total_Lunar_Eclipse_Series.html
Earthquakes and Plate
Movements
Coastal Ranges
East Africa Rift
Valley is one
Hawaii is typical
Aleutian
Islands
(Alaska)
Mid-Ocean Ridge in
Atlantic Ocean
Drawing of plate movements and resulting land forms
Active Movements - Faults
One day – Los
Angeles and San
Francisco will be
next to each
other
Rock Cycle
30
30
30
1. MELTING
3. COOLING/HARDENING
2. VOLCANIC ERUPTION
4. CRYSTALIZATION
30
1. COMPACTION
2. HEAT/PRESSURE
3. BENDING ROCK
4
Refraction of Light
23,24
23,24
When light waves reflect,
they follow the law of reflection.
The angle at which they strike
the surface is the same as the angle
Nile River delta, as seen from Earth orbit. The Nile is an example of a
wave-dominated delta that has the classic Greek delta (Δ) shape after
which River deltas were named
Large River
Sediment
Transport and
Deposition
22