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Transcript
TAKS Identify equipment Graduated Cylinder Flask Test Tubes Safety Goggles Triple Beam Balance Hot Plate Bunsen Burner Petri Dish Microscope 1 Students are expected to follow safe lab practices. Safety First • Tie Hair back • Never breath Fumes • Never heat a closed container. • Notify your teacher when spills happen • Wear Safety Goggles • Do not use broken glassware. Know your Vocabulary • It is important to understand the words in the question in order to know what the answer is to the question Testable • answered and explained by experimentation Collect Data • An organized plan to gather or measure Organize • to give an orderly structure to something Analyze • to examine the structure or content of something in detail Evaluate • to calculate the value of something Make Inferences • observed data." A natural tentative assumption quickly made. Trends • A pattern or a sequence of events. 14 Valid Conclusion • Retested for the same results and or peer reviewed. Critique • A logical search for flaws. Hypothesis • A testable question based upon knowledge and or experience. Limitations • Road blocks created naturally by technology or the lack there of. Apply • To put into service • A natural purpose Elements are listed on the 46 Period Table 46 35, 46 Atomic Number Number of Protons in every Atom of that Element Atoms with a opposite charges 5 Ions are pulling together because they are opposite charges. 5 5 5 Energy Levels. Valence shell layer is the outer layer 5 Ionic Bonding 5 Atoms of an element that have more numbers of or less than the normal neutrons are called isotopes of the same element. 5 Water Vapor Water 35 H2O The same number of each kind of atom must be on the left side of the arrow as are on the right side when an equation is balanced. Al Al Al Al O O O O O O When an equation is balanced the number of reactant atoms will always equal the number of product atoms and atoms are conserved O Al O Al O O Al O Al O 35 O O Al Al O O AlAl O O 12 Example of a Chemical Reaction Reactant + Reactant Product (goes to) carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide (has different properties) 2 So, then what’s going on when energy appears to be “used up” or when it seems to “come out of nowhere?” --The form of energy changes. Electrical to heat and light Mechanical to electrical 7 Physical • • • • • • • Color Density Heat capacity Odor Temperature Freezing Dissolving vs. Chemical • Flammability • Corrode • Reactive • • • • Examples Burning Rusting bubbles #2 Energy is also involved in a chemical reaction (atoms of one or more substances are rearranged to form new substances) 2 Endothermic: A process that absorbs energy Endo = into or inside Therm = heat Heat goes in. Exothermic: A process that releases energy Exo = out of or outside Heat goes out. Therm = heat Ba(OH)2•8H2O(s) + 2 NH4NO3(s) → Ba(NO3)2(aq) + NH3(g) + 10 H2O(l) #2 Was the reaction in the beaker endothermic or exothermic? The reaction is endothermic. What evidence supports your choice? The temperature of the system decreased, showing that the reaction absorbed energy from the temperature probe, and from the surroundings. Which of the numbered steps in the water cycle below is an exothermic process? A. #1 Evaporation (liquid to #3 #2 gas) requires energy— endothermic. B. #2 Condensation (gas to liquid) releases energy— exothermic. #4 #1 C. #3 During transpiration, water vapor moves out of leaves into the air. D. #4 Precipitation occurs as #26, 7 http://mbgnet.mobot.org/fresh/cycle/concepts water droplets in the clouds combine and grow large enough to fall to Earth— neither endothermic or exothermic. #7 Energy conversions Clock Battery Light bulb Blender Solar Panel Photosynthesis CD Player Dam Windmill Electrical Chemical Electrical Electrical Sunlight Sunlight Electrical Mechanical Mechanical Light/sound Electrical Light/thermal Mechanical Electrical Chemical Mechanical Electrical Electrical Roller Coaster • The cars of a roller coaster have the greatest potential energy at the top of the first hill. As they start their descent, the cars lose potential energy and they gain kinetic energy - the energy of motion. Throughout the ride, each time the train loses height, it gains speed as potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy. Likewise, each time it gains height, it loses speed as kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy. #7,34 #7 Energy Transformations Wind has kinetic energy which can be transformed into other forms of energy. Hydropower depends on the transformation of potential energy to kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of the fast-moving water turns turbines, which drive generators that produce electricity. The energy in fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) is chemical potential energy. Fossil fuels come from decayed living matter that has stored energy in its chemical bonds. Potential and Kinetic Energy Checkpoint 4.2 The diagram above shows a barrel moving toward a waterfall. The barrel will have the greatest potential energy at which of these locations? A B C D W X Y Z Speed • Speed = Distance ÷ Time S= D T Example: A car travels 300km in 6 hours. What is the speed of the car? Answer: • Speed = distance ÷ time • Speed = 300km ÷ 6 hours • Speed = 50km/hr Specific Heat #21 • Different materials require different amounts of heat to change their temperatures by the same amount • The amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of a substance by 1 Kelvin is its specific heat Specific Heat Comparisons #21 Substance Water Air Aluminum Glass Iron Gold Lead Specific Heat in J/Kg. K 4186 1004 900 837 448 129 128 32 Celsius (or centigrade) is the most widely used. It is based on the use of water. •Water freezes at zero degrees Celsius. •Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. The Fahrenheit scale is primarily used in the United States of America. Water boils Fahrenheit. at 212 degrees freezes at 32 degrees Water Fahrenheit. #32 Distance-time graphs #14, 6,8,10, 40 Is your graph a straight line? • A distance-time graph which is a straight line indicates constant speed. • In constant speed, the object does not speed up or slow down. The acceleration is zero. Graph the following on a distancetime graph: • D (m) 0 5 20 45 80 125 T (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 #14, 6,8,10, 40 Does your graph curve? • A graph that curves on a distancetime graph shows that the object is accelerating. 0 1 2 3 4 5 Using the extended or extrapolated data, determine the time required to travel 50 It will take 19 sec. #14, m. Distance vs Time 6,8,10,40 60 Distance (m) 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 Time (s) 19 s20 25 #14, 6,8,10, 40 Distance-time graphs • Describe the motion of the object as shown in the graph. •From 0-8 sec, constant speed: (25 m/sec); •From 8-12 sec, no motion; •From 12-16 sec, acceleration; •From 16-20 sec, constant speed #14, 6,8,10, 40 Distance-time graphs • Describe the motion of the object as shown in the graph. •From 0-8 sec, constant speed: (25 m/sec); •From 8-12 sec, no motion; •From 12-16 sec, acceleration; •From 16-20 sec, constant speed Speed-time graphs • Using the distance-time graph from the last frame, draw a speed time graph. Average Speed (m/s) Time (sec) 25 0 to 8 0 8 to 12 37.5 12 to 20 What does your graph look like? • Constant speed will be a horizontal line on a speed time graph. • If the speed decreases, the line will slant down. • If the speed increases, the line will slant up. What do the following speed-time #14, 6,8,10,40 graphs depict? #3 Balanced Forces • To describe a force, you must know two things-the size of the force and the direction of the force. – For example, think about two teams in a tug of war. – Each team pulls with equal force in opposite directions. – Neither team can make the other move. #3 Balanced Forces (2) • Forces that are equal in size and opposite in direction are called balanced forces. #3 Unbalanced Forces • Unbalanced forces cause a change in the motion of an object. • The forces acting on the rope are no longer balanced. #3 Balanced and Unbalanced Forces If a force is applied for 15 seconds, in which situation will the box be moved the greatest distance? What is a Simple Machine? • Simple machines make work easier – Reduce input force but work remains the same. – Change the size and direction of force. – Do work with one movement • A simple machine has few or no moving parts. Wheels and Axles • The wheel and axle are a simple machine • The axle is a rod that goes through the wheel which allows the wheel to turn • Gears are a form of wheels and axles 45 Pulleys • Pulleys are wheels and axles with a groove around the outside • A pulley needs a rope, chain or belt around the groove to make it do work Inclined Planes • An inclined plane is a flat surface that is higher on one end • Inclined planes make the work of moving things easier Wedges • Two inclined planes joined back to back. • Wedges are used to split things. Screws • A screw is an inclined plane wrapped around a shaft or cylinder. • The inclined plane allows the screw to move itself when rotated. 45 Levers-First Class • In a first class lever the fulcrum is in the middle and the load and effort is on either side • Think of a see-saw Note: The fulcrum is a pivot point that changes the direction of the force. Moving the fulcrum changes the distance each arm moves under a force. 45 Levers-Second Class • In a second class lever the fulcrum is at the end, with the load in the middle • Think of a wheelbarrow 23,24 Wave Characteristics 17 17 Primary Succession 25 25 Secondary Succession 25 Succession Emergence of Seedlings 38 Seed distribution is carried out by wind and animals. 38 38,25 9 9 20,41 Genotype GG homozygous dominant Gg heterozygous gg homozygous recessive Frequency 1 of 4 boxes Percentage 1 = __x__ 4 100 25% 2 of 4 boxes 2 = __x__ 4 100 1 of 4 boxes 1 = __x__ 4 100 50% 25% 20,41 STUDENT EXPECTATION • 8.11 STUDENTS WILL MAKE PREDICTIONS ABOUT POSSIBLE OUTCOMES OF VARIOUS GENETIC COMBINATIONS OF INHERITED CHARACTERISTICS T T T TT t Tt HIGHLIGHT OF OBJECTIVE 2 20,41 • SINGLE-TRAIT PUNNETT SQUARES MAY BE USED, AND STUDENTS WILL BE EXPECTED TO PREDICT GENETIC OUTCOMES. ¾ 75% 3:1 41 TERMS TO KNOW ALLELES DIFFERENT FORMS OF A TRAIT THAT A GENE MAY HAVE HOMOZYGOUS AN ORGANISM WITH TWO ALLELES THAT ARE THE SAME HETEROZYGOUS AN ORGANISM WITH TWO DIFFERENT ALLELES FOR A TRAIT T,t TT, tt Tt, Gg 41 TERMS TO KNOW HYBRID SAME AS HETEROZYGOUS DOMINANT A TRAIT THAT DOMINATES OR COVERS UP THE OTHER FORM OF THE TRAIT Tt, Gg REPRESENTED BY AN UPPERCASE LETTER T G OR RECESSIVE THE TRAIT BEING DOMINATED OR COVERED UP BY THE DOMINATE TRAIT REPRESENTED BY A LOWER CASE LETTER t g or 41 TERMS TO KNOW PHENOTYPE THE PHYSICAL APPEARANCE OF AN ORGANISM (WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE) TALL, SHORT, GREEN, WRINKLED GENOTYPE THE GENE ORDER OF AN ORGANISM (WHAT ITS GENES LOOK LIKE) TT, GG, Tt, gg Gg, tt RATIO THE RELATIONSHIP IN NUMBERS BETWEEN TWO OR MORE THINGS 3:1, 2:2, 1:2:1 41,20 TAKS FORMATTED ITEMS 3. IF B IS THE ALLELE FOR BLACK FUR AND b IS THE ALLELE FOR WHITE FUR, WHAT PERCENT WOULD BE BLACK? A. B. C. D. 25% 50% 100% 75% B b B BB Bb b Bb bb 4. WHAT FRACTION IS HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT IN THE ABOVE CROSS? A. B. C. D. 1/2 1/4 1/3 3/4 19,23,36 The “Light” of the Moon • The Moon does not generate any light itself; it just reflects the light of the Sun. http://co-ops.nos.noaa.gov/astronomical.shtml Rotation of the Moon • The moon rotates on its axis approximately every 27.3 days • The moon rotates on its axis at about the same rate that it revolves around the Earth 19,23,36 http://co-ops.nos.noaa.gov/astronomical.shtml http://hrw.com 19,23,36 • • • • • • • • • Moon Phases The Moon passes through 6 phases during a cycle: New Moon Waxing Crescent First Quarter Waxing Gibbous Full Moon Waning Gibbous Last Quarter Waning Crescent http://www.calculatorcat.com/moon_phases/moon_phases.phtml 19, 23, 36 http://www.wingettphotography.com/Fall2003/LunarEclipse/Total_Lunar_Eclipse_Series.html Earthquakes and Plate Movements Coastal Ranges East Africa Rift Valley is one Hawaii is typical Aleutian Islands (Alaska) Mid-Ocean Ridge in Atlantic Ocean Drawing of plate movements and resulting land forms Active Movements - Faults One day – Los Angeles and San Francisco will be next to each other Rock Cycle 30 30 30 1. MELTING 3. COOLING/HARDENING 2. VOLCANIC ERUPTION 4. CRYSTALIZATION 30 1. COMPACTION 2. HEAT/PRESSURE 3. BENDING ROCK 4 Refraction of Light 23,24 23,24 When light waves reflect, they follow the law of reflection. The angle at which they strike the surface is the same as the angle Nile River delta, as seen from Earth orbit. The Nile is an example of a wave-dominated delta that has the classic Greek delta (Δ) shape after which River deltas were named Large River Sediment Transport and Deposition 22