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BLOOD
55% : water, hormones, antibodies,
enzymes, minerals, nutrients, vitamins,
gases, plasma proteins
Immune system
45% Cardiovascular system
Erythrocyte (RBC)
Too few: anemia.
•non-nucleated, biconcave discs
•filled with hemoglobin
•carry oxygen from the lungs to the
body cells.
•4-5 million (women) to 5-6 million per
cubic millimeter of blood
Sickle cell anemia
•inherited condition
•malformed erythrocytes
•crescent shape erythrocyte due to incorrectly
formed hemoglobin
•cells are not able to carry adequate amounts of
oxygen to cells.
Thrombocytes (platelets)
Too many: spontaneous clotting may occur
(stroke)
Too few: clotting may not occur when
necessary (hemophilia)
•Important for proper blood clotting (clotting cascade)
•Each cubic millimeter of blood should contain 250,000 to
500,000 of these.
Copyright protected pictures
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if erythrocytes and fibrin by
scanning electrom microscopy
•
Hemophilia is an inherited blood disorder that has plagued mankind for
thousands of years, but only in the last century has hemophilia been fully
understood.
•
The earliest recorded recognition of hemophilia was about 1,700 years ago,
when Jewish rabbis noticed that some baby boys bled too much, and that
this problem seemed to run in families.
•
About 800 years later, in the 10th century, a doctor named Albucasis wrote
about a group of related men in a village nearby who bled severely from
little wounds or simple surgeries.
•
In the 12th century, a rabbi named Maimonides theorized that while it was
almost always boys who had hemophilia, it was thier mothers who passed it
on to them
•
Nothing much else was written about hemophilia until 1791, when a
Massachusetts newspaper ran a story about a family with six sons who
suffered severe bleeding after only minor injuries. This may have been the
first time that hemophilia was reported in the United States. Several years
later, in 1803, the American doctor John C. Otto conducted studies of
families of boys with bleeding problems. He confirmed what the rabbis had
discovered: that mothers who had no bleeding problems themselves could
pass hemophilia on to their sons, and their daughters could pass it to their
grandsons and great-grandsons.
The world's most famous hemophilic family was that of Queen Victoria of England.
Hemophilia is a blood disease, due to a recessive gene on one of the chromosomes.
The disease only affects male individuals, but females can transport the disease to
their children. The disease is a deficiency in the clotting of the blood which causes
severe bleeding at the slightest wound.
The original mutation of the gene is believed to have occured in the X chromosome
of her father, Edward, Duke of Kent. (When Victoria was born in 1819, Prince Edward
was 52, and the germ cells of older men are more prone to some types of mutation.)
Queen Victoria had hemophilia and transmitted the disease to her four sons and two
of her four daughters. In those times, princes and princesses from one country often
married princes and princesses from another country and eventually there were
hemophiliacs throughout the royal houses of Spain, Germany, and Russia.
including the tsarevitch Alexis Romanov and an uncle of the present King of Spain,
the Prince of the Asturias, who hemorrhaged to death after a car accident in 1938.
The execution of tsar Nicholas and his family and
the untimely death of two afflicted Prussian
princes have eliminated the mutant gene from
Victoria's Hesse line, but it may still be carried
recessively by some of her English and Spanish
female descendants.
White Blood Cells (WBC)
• Also called leucocytes
• 2 categories:
• Granulocytes
– Neutrophils
– Eosinophils
– Basophils
• Agranulocytes
– Lymphocytes
– Monocytes
Neutrophil
Too many: acute infection like appendicitis,
smallpox rheumatic fever
Too few: viral infection (influenza, hepatitis, or
rubella)
•very tiny light staining granules (the granules are very
difficult to see).
•nucleus is frequently multi-lobed with lobes connected by
thin strands of DNA.
•phagocytes (foreign cells/bacteria, toxins, and viruses)
•neutrophils account for 50-70% of all leukocytes.
Phagocytosis
Mission: surround and engulf
Eosinophil
Too many:parasitic diseases, bronchial asthma
or hay fever
Too few: severe stress
•large acidophilic granules -appear pink (or red)
•nucleus has two lobes connected by a band of nuclear material.
(telephone receiver)
•granules contain digestive enzymes that are particularly effective against
parasitic worms in their larval form.
•Phagocyte: antigen - antibody complexes.
•These cells account for less than 5% of the WBC's
Basophil
Too many: hemolytic anemia or chicken pox
•large, deep blue to purple granules, so numerous they mask
the nucleus.
• granules contain histamines (cause vasodilation) and
heparin (anticoagulant).
represent less than 1% of all leukocytes.
Lymphocyte
Too many: mononucleosis or a chronic
infection
Keep a close watch if HIV+
•agranular
•large nucleus relative to size of the cell and stains dark purple.
•smaller than granulocytes
•T-lymphocytes act against virus infected cells and tumor cells.
• B-lymphocytes produce antibodies.
•second most numerous leukocyte, (25-35% of WBC)
Monocyte
Too many: malaria, endocarditis, typhoid fever,
and Rocky Mountain spotted fever
•largest leukocytes
•agranular.
•kidney bean shaped nucleus
•leaves the blood stream (diapedesis) to become macrophages
•phagocytic and defend the body against viruses and bacteria.
•3-9% of all leukocytes.